Ashoka From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Ashoka the Great) This article is about the Indian emperor. For the nonprofit organization, see Ashoka: Innovators for the Public. Ashoka The Great Maurya Samrat Chakravatin.JPG A Chakravartin ruler, 1st century BCE/CE. Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati. Preserved at Musee Guimet Reign 268–232 BCE Coronation 268 BCE Born 304 BCE, Close to 7th Aug Birthplace Pataliputra, Patna Died 232 BCE (aged 72) Place of death Pataliputra, Patna Buried Ashes immersed in the Ganges River, possibly at Varanasi, Cremated 232 BCE, less than 24 hours after death Predecessor Bindusara Successor Dasaratha Wives Kaurwaki Devi Padmavati Tishyaraksha Issue Mahendra, Sanghamitra, Tivala, Kunala, Jaluka, Charumati Dynasty Maurya Father Bindusara Mother Maharani Dharma or Shubhadrangi Religious beliefs Buddhism Ashoka Maurya (304–232 BCE), commonly known as Ashoka and also as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from ca. 269 BCE to 232 BCE.[1] One of Indias greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from the parts of the ancient territories of Khorasan, Sistan and Balochistan (unpartitioned) in what is now Afghanistan and possibly eastern Iran, through the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan, to present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far south as northern Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. The empire had Taxila, Ujjain and Pataliputra as its capital. In about 260 BCE Ashoka waged a bitterly destructive war against the state of Kalinga (modern Odisha).[2] He conquered Kalinga, which none of his ancestors (starting from Chandragupta Maurya) had done. His reign was headquartered in Magadha (present-day Bihar). He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. Ashoka reflected on the war in Kalinga, which reportedly had resulted in more than 100,000 deaths and 150,000 deportations.[3] Ashoka converted gradually to Buddhism beginning about 263 BCE at the latest.[2] He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia, and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. Ashoka regarded Buddhism as a doctrine that could serve as a cultural foundation for political unity.[4] Ashoka is now remembered as a philanthropic administrator. In the Kalinga edicts, he addresses his people as his children, and mentions that as a father he desires their good. Ashoka is referred to as Samraat Chakravartin Ashoka – the Emperor of Emperors Ashoka. His name aśoka means painless, without sorrow in Sanskrit (the a privativum and śoka pain, distress). In his edicts, he is referred to as Devānāmpriya (Pali Devānaṃpiya or The Beloved of the Gods), and Priyadarśin (Pali Piyadasī or He who regards everyone with affection). His fondness for his names connection to the Saraca asoca tree, or the Asoka tree is also referenced in the Ashokavadana. H.G. Wells wrote of Ashoka in his book The Outline of History: Amidst the tens of thousands of names of monarchs that crowd the columns of history, their majesties and graciousnesses and serenities and royal highnesses and the like, the name of Asoka shines, and shines, almost alone, a star. Along with the Edicts of Ashoka, his legend is related in the 2nd-century Ashokavadana (Narrative of Asoka, a part of Divyavadana), and in the Sri Lankan text Mahavamsa (Great Chronicle). Ashoka played a critical role in helping make Buddhism a world religion.[5] The emblem of the modern Republic of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka. Contents [hide] 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Rise to Power 1.3 Early life as Emperor 2 Conquest of Kalinga 2.1 Buddhist conversion 2.2 Death and legacy 2.2.1 Buddhist kingship 3 Historical sources 4 Perceptions 4.1 Foci of Debate 5 Contributions 5.1 Global spread of Buddhism 5.2 As administrator 5.3 Ashoka Chakra 5.4 Pillars of Ashoka (Ashokstambha) 5.5 Lion Capital of Asoka (Ashokmudra) 5.6 Constructions credited to Ashoka 6 In art, film and literature 7 See also 8 References 9 Works cited 10 External links Biography[edit] Early life[edit] Ashoka was born to the Mauryan emperor Bindusara and a relatively lower ranked wife of his, Dharmā [or Dhammā]. He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, founder of Mauryan dynasty. The Avadana texts mention that his mother was queen Subhadrangī. According to Ashokavadana, she was the daughter of a Brahmin from the city of Champa.[6]:205 Empress Subhadrangī was a Brahmin of the Ajivika sect,[7] and was found to be a suitable match for Emperor Bindusara. Though a palace intrigue kept her away from the emperor, this eventually ended, and she bore a son. It is from her exclamation I am now without sorrow, that Ashoka got his name. The Divyāvadāna tells a similar story, but gives the name of the queen as Janapadakalyānī.[8][9] Ashoka had several elder siblings, all of whom were his half-brothers from other wives of Bindusara. His fighting qualities were apparent from an early age and he was given royal military training. He was known as a fearsome hunter, and according to a legend, killed a lion with just a wooden rod. Because of his reputation as a frightening warrior and a heartless general, he was sent to curb the riots in the Avanti province of the Mauryan empire.[10] Rise to Power[edit] Maurya Empire at the age of Ashoka. The empire stretched from Afghanistan to Bangladesh/Assam and from Central Asia (Afghanistan) to South India. The Buddhist text Divyavadana describes Ashoka putting down a revolt due to activities of wicked ministers. This may have been an incident in Bindusaras times. Taranathas account states that Chanakya, one of Bindusaras great lords, destroyed the nobles and kings of 16 towns and made himself the master of all territory between the eastern and the western seas. Some historians consider this as an indication of Bindusaras conquest of the Deccan while others consider it as suppression of a revolt. Following this, Ashoka was stationed at Ujjayini as governor.[9] Bindusaras death in 273 BCE led to a war over succession. According to Divyavandana, Bindusara wanted his son Sushim to succeed him but Ashoka was supported by his fathers ministers, who found Sushim to be arrogant and disrespectful towards them.[11] A minister named Radhagupta seems to have played an important role in Ashokas rise to the throne. The Ashokavadana recounts Radhaguptas offering of an old royal elephant to Ashoka for him to ride to the Garden of the Gold Pavilion where King Bindusara would determine his successor. Ashoka later got rid of the legitimate heir to the throne by tricking him into entering a pit filled with live coals. Radhagupta, according to the Ashokavadana, would later be appointed prime minister by Ashoka once he had gained the throne. The Dipavansa and Mahavansa refer to Ashokas killing 99 of his brothers, sparing only one, named Vitashoka or Tissa,[9] although there is no clear proof about this incident (many such accounts are saturated with mythological elements). The coronation happened in 269 BCE, four years after his succession to the throne. Early life as Emperor[edit] An imaginary painting of Ashokas Queen by Abanindranath Tagore (1871–1951) Buddhist legends state that Ashoka was of a wicked nature and bad temper. He submitted his ministers to a test of loyalty and had 500 of them killed. He also kept a harem of around 500 women. When a few of these women insulted him for his rough skin after he fondly compared himself with the beauty of the Asoka tree (which according to the Ashokavadana, the women defiled by plucking off all of the flowers), he had the whole lot of them burnt to death. He also built Ashokas Hell, an elaborate torture chamber, deemed the Paradisal Hell because of its beautiful exterior contrasted with the acts carried out inside by his appointed executioner Girikaa,[12] which earned him the name of çanḍa Ashoka or Chandaashoka, meaning Ashoka the Fierce in Sanskrit. Professor Charles Drekmeier cautions that the Buddhist legends intend to dramatise the change that Buddhism wrought in him, and therefore, exaggerate Ashokas past wickedness and his piousness after the conversion.[13] Ascending the throne, Ashoka expanded his empire over the next eight years, from the present-day boundaries and regions of Burma–Bangladesh and the state of Assam in India in the east to the territory of present-day Iran / Persia and Afghanistan in the west; from the Pamir Knots in the north almost to the peninsula of southern India (i.e. Tamil Nadu / Andhra Pradesh).[9] Conquest of Kalinga[edit] While the early part of Ashokas reign was apparently quite bloodthirsty, he became a follower of the Buddhas teachings after his conquest of Kalinga on the east coast of India in the present-day states of Odisha and North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Kalinga was a state that prided itself on its sovereignty and democracy. With its monarchical parliamentary democracy it was quite an exception in ancient Bharata where there existed the concept of Rajdharma. Rajdharma means the duty of the rulers, which was intrinsically entwined with the concept of bravery and dharma. The Kalinga War happened eight years after his coronation. From his 13th inscription, we come to know that the battle was a massive one and caused the deaths of more than 100,000 soldiers and many civilians who rose up in defence; over 150,000 were deported.[14] When he was walking through the grounds of Kalinga after his conquest, rejoicing in his victory, he was moved by the number of bodies strewn there and the wails of the kith and kin of the dead. Buddhist conversion[edit] A similar four Indian lion Lion Capital of Ashoka atop an intact Ashoka Pillar at Wat U Mong near Chiang Mai, Thailand showing another larger Dharma Chakra / Ashoka Chakra atop the four lions. Edict 13 on the Edicts of Ashoka Rock Inscriptions reflect the great remorse the king felt after observing the destruction of Kalinga: His Majesty feels remorse on account of the conquest of Kalinga because, during the subjugation of a previously unconquered country, slaughter, death, and taking away captive of the people necessarily occur, whereat His Majesty feels profound sorrow and regret. The Edict goes on to address the even greater degree of sorrow and regret resulting from Ashokas understanding that the friends and families of deceased would suffer greatly too.[15] Legend says that one day after the war was over, Ashoka ventured out to roam the city and all he could see were burnt houses and scattered corpses. This sight made him sick and he cried the famous monologue:[16][dubious – discuss] What have I done? If this is a victory, whats a defeat then? Is this a victory or a defeat? Is this justice or injustice? Is it gallantry or a rout? Is it valor to kill innocent children and women? Did I do it to widen the empire and for prosperity or to destroy the others kingdom and splendor? One has lost her husband, someone else a father, someone a child, someone an unborn infant.... Whats this debris of the corpses? Are these marks of victory or defeat? Are these vultures, crows, eagles the messengers of death or evil? The lethal war with Kalinga transformed the vengeful Emperor Ashoka to a stable and peaceful emperor and he embraced Buddhism. This led to the expansion of Buddhsim in the Mauryan empire and other kingdoms during his rule, and worldwide from about 250 BCE.[17] Prominent in this cause were his son Mahinda (Mahendra) and daughter Sanghamitra (whose name means friend of the Sangha), who established Buddhism in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Ashokan Pillar at Vaishali Death and legacy[edit] Ashokas Major Rock Edict at Junagadh contains inscriptions by Ashoka (fourteen of the Edicts of Ashoka), Rudradamanna I and Skandagupta. Ashoka ruled for an estimated forty years. Legend states that during his cremation, his body burned for seven days and nights.[18] After his death, the Mauryan dynasty lasted just fifty more years until his empire stretched over almost all of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka had many wives and children, but many of their names are lost to time. His supreme consort and first wife was Vidisha Mahadevi Shakyakumari Asandhimitra. Mahindra and Sanghamitra were twins born by her, in the city of Ujjain. He had entrusted to them the job of making Buddhism more popular across the known and the unknown world. Mahindra and Sanghamitra went into Sri Lanka and converted the King, the Queen and their people to Buddhism. In his old age, he seems to have come under the spell of his youngest wife Tishyaraksha. It is said that she had got Ashokas son Kunala, the regent in Takshashila and the heir presumptive to the throne, blinded by a wily stratagem. The official executioners spared Kunala and he became a wandering singer accompanied by his favourite wife Kanchanmala. In Pataliputra, Ashoka heard Kunalas song, and realised that Kunalas misfortune may have been a punishment for some past sin of the emperor himself. He condemned Tishyaraksha to death, restoring Kunala to the court. In the Ashokavadana, Kunala is portrayed as forgiving Tishyaraksha, having obtained enlightenment through Buddhist practice. While he urges Ashoka to forgive her as well, Ashoka does not respond with the same forgiveness.[12] Kunala was succeeded by his son, Samprati, but his rule did not last long after Ashokas death. The reign of Ashoka Maurya might have disappeared into history as the ages passed by, had he not left behind records of his reign. These records are in the form of sculpted pillars and rocks inscribed with a variety of actions and teachings he wished to be published under his name. In the process, Ashoka left behind the first written language in India since the ancient civilisation of Harappa. The language used for inscription was Prakrit. In the year 185 BCE, about fifty years after Ashokas death, the last Maurya ruler, Brihadratha, was assassinated by the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces, Pusyamitra Sunga, while he was taking the Guard of Honor of his forces. Pusyamitra Sunga founded the Sunga dynasty (185 BCE-78 BCE) and ruled just a fragmented part of the Mauryan Empire. Many of the northwestern territories of the Mauryan Empire (modern-day Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan) became the Indo-Greek Kingdom. In 1992, Ashoka was ranked No. 53 on Michael H. Harts list of the most influential figures in history. In 2001, a semi-fictionalized portrayal of Ashokas life was produced as a motion picture under the title Asoka. King Ashoka, the third monarch of the Indian Mauryan dynasty, has come to be regarded as one of the most exemplary rulers in world history. Buddhist kingship[edit] Main articles: History of Buddhism and History of Buddhism in India Further information: Buddhism in Nepal, Buddhism in Sri Lanka, and Buddhism in Burma One of the more enduring legacies of Ashoka Maurya was the model that he provided for the relationship between Buddhism and the state. Throughout Theravada Southeastern Asia, the model of rulership embodied by Ashoka replaced the notion of divine kingship that had previously dominated (in the Angkor kingdom, for instance). Under this model of Buddhist kingship, the king sought to legitimise his rule not through descent from a divine source, but by supporting and earning the approval of the Buddhist sangha. Following Ashokas example, kings established monasteries, funded the construction of stupas, and supported the ordination of monks in their kingdom. Many rulers also took an active role in resolving disputes over the status and regulation of the sangha, as Ashoka had in calling a conclave to settle a number of contentious issues during his reign. This development ultimately lead to a close association in many Southeast Asian countries between the monarchy and the religious hierarchy, an association that can still be seen today in the state-supported Buddhism of Thailand and the traditional role of the Thai king as both a religious and secular leader. Ashoka also said that all his courtiers always governed the people in a moral manner. According to the legends mentioned in the 2nd-century CE text Ashokavadana, Asoka was not non-violent after adopting Buddhism. In one instance, a non-Buddhist in Pundravardhana drew a picture showing the Buddha bowing at the feet of Nirgrantha Jnatiputra (identified with Mahavira, the founder of Jainism). On complaint from a Buddhist devotee, Asoka issued an order to arrest him, and subsequently, another order to kill all the Ajivikas in Pundravardhana. Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were executed as a result of this order.[6][19] Sometime later, another Nirgrantha follower in Pataliputra drew a similar picture. Asoka burnt him and his entire family alive in their house.[19] He also announced an award of one dinara (silver coin) to anyone who brought him the head of a Nirgrantha heretic. According to Ashokavadana, as a result of this order, his own brother was mistaken for a heretic and killed by a cowherd.[6] These stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be a clear fabrication arising out of sectarian propaganda.[20][21] Historical sources[edit] Main articles: Edicts of Ashoka, Ashokavadana, Mahavamsa, and Dipavamsa Ashoka was almost forgotten by the historians of the early British India, but James Prinsep contributed in the revelation of historical sources. Another important historian was British archaeologist John Hubert Marshall, who was director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. His main interests were Sanchi and Sarnath, in addition to Harappa and Mohenjodaro. Sir Alexander Cunningham, a British archaeologist and army engineer, and often known as the father of the Archaeological Survey of India, unveiled heritage sites like the Bharhut Stupa, Sarnath, Sanchi, and the Mahabodhi Temple. Mortimer Wheeler, a British archaeologist, also exposed Ashokan historical sources, especially the Taxila. Bilingual inscription (in Greek and Aramaic) by King Ashoka, discovered at Kandahar (National Museum of Afghanistan). Information about the life and reign of Ashoka primarily comes from a relatively small number of Buddhist sources. In particular, the Sanskrit Ashokavadana (Story of Ashoka), written in the 2nd century, and the two Pāli chronicles of Sri Lanka (the Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa) provide most of the currently known information about Ashoka. Additional information is contributed by the Edicts of Asoka, whose authorship was finally attributed to the Ashoka of Buddhist legend after the discovery of dynastic lists that gave the name used in the edicts (Priyadarsi – He who regards everyone with affection) as a title or additional name of Ashoka Maurya. Architectural remains of his period have been found at Kumhrar, Patna, which include an 80-pillar hypostyle hall. Edicts of Ashoka -The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, made by Ashoka during his reign. These inscriptions are dispersed throughout modern-day Pakistan and India, and represent the first tangible evidence of Buddhism. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism through the sponsorship of one of the most powerful kings of Indian history, offering more information about Ashokas proselytism, moral precepts, religious precepts, and his notions of social and animal welfare.[22] Ashokavadana – The Ashokavadana is a 2nd-century CE text related to the legend of Ashoka. The legend was translated into Chinese by Fa Hien in 300 CE. It is essentially a Hinayana text, and its world is that of Mathura and North-west India. The emphasis of this little known text is on exploring the relationship between the king and the community of monks (the Sangha) and setting up an ideal of religious life for the laity (the common man) by telling appealing stories about religious exploits. The most startling feature is that Ashoka’s conversion has nothing to do with the Kalinga war, which is not even mentioned, nor is there a word about his belonging to the Maurya dynasty. Equally surprising is the record of his use of state power to spread Buddhism in an uncompromising fashion. The legend of Veetashoka provides insights into Ashoka’s character that are not available in the widely known Pali records.[12] Mahavamsa -The Mahavamsa (Great Chronicle) is a historical poem written in the Pali language of the kings of Sri Lanka. It covers the period from the coming of King Vijaya of Kalinga (ancient Odisha) in 543 BCE to the reign of King Mahasena (334–361). As it often refers to the royal dynasties of India, the Mahavamsa is also valuable for historians who wish to date and relate contemporary royal dynasties in the Indian subcontinent. It is very important in dating the consecration of Ashoka. Dipavamsa -The Dipavamsa, or Deepavamsa, (i.e., Chronicle of the Island, in Pali) is the oldest historical record of Sri Lanka. The chronicle is believe to be compiled from Atthakatha and other sources around the 3rd or 4th century. King Dhatusena (4th century CE) had ordered that the Dipavamsa be recited at the Mahinda festival held annually in Anuradhapura.
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