DECISION TO RETURN TO MANILA •May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila. •This decision was spurred by the following: (1) to confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization project (2) to establish the La Liga Filipina in Manila (3) to prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that he (Rizal), being comfortable and safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned the country’s cause •Lete’s attack, which was printed in La Solidaridad on April 15, 1892, portrayed Rizal as cowardly, egoistic, opportunistic—a patriot in words only •June 20, 1892- Rizal wrote two letters which he sealed, inscribed on each envelope “to be opened after my death” and gave them to his friend Dr. Marques for safekeeping •The first letter, addressed TO MY PARENTS, BRETHREN, AND FRIENDS. The second letter, addressed TO THE FILIPINOS •June 21, 1892- Rizal penned another letter in Hong Kong for Governor Despujol, incidentally his third letter to that discourteous Spanish chief executive •Immediately after Rizal’s departure from Hong Kong, the Spanish consul general who issued the government guarantee of safety, sent a cablegram to Governor Despujol that the victim “is in the trap”. On the same day (June 21, 1892), a secret case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers “for anti-religious and anti-patriotic agitation” •Luis de la Torre- secretary of Despujol, ordered to find out if Rizal was naturalized as a German citizen SECOND HOMECOMING AND THE LIGA FILIPINA -Rizal’s bold return to Manila in June, 1892 was his second homecoming -Rizal firmly believed that the fight for Filipino liberties had assumed a new phase: it must be fought in the Philippines not in Spain. “The battlefield is in the Philippines,” he told countrymen in Europe, “There is where we should meet… There we will help one another, there together we will suffer or triumph perhaps.” ARRIVAL IN MANILA WITH SISTER •June 26, 1892- Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia (wife of late Mariano Herbosa) arrived in Manila •In the afternoon, at 4:00 o’clock, he went to Malacanang Palace to seek audience with the Spanish governor general, General Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe •June 27, 1892- at 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his friends in Malolos (Bulacan), San Fernando (Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac), and Bacolor (Pampanga) •Rizal returned by train to Manila on the next day, June 28, at 5 o’clock in the afternoon FOUNDLING OF THE LIGA FILIPINA •July 3, 1892- on the evening of Sunday, following his morning interview with Governor General Despujol, Rizal attended a meeting with patriots at the home of the Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila •Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga Filipina, a civic league of Filipinos, which he desired to establish and its role in the socio-economic life of the people. •The officers of the new league were elected, as follows: Ambrosio Salvador (President); Deodato Arellano (Secretary); Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer); and Agustin de la Rosa (Fiscal) •Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All)- the motto of the Liga Filipina 26 •The governing body of the league was the Supreme Council which had jurisdiction over the whole country. It was composed of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a fiscal. There was a Provincial Council in every province and a Popular Council in every town •The duties of the Liga members are as follows (1) obey the orders of the Supreme Council (2) to help in recruiting new members (3) to keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the Liga authorities (4) to have symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes president of his council (5) to report to the fiscal anything that he may hear which affect the Liga (6) to behave well as befits a good Filipino (7) to help fellow members in all ways RIZAL ARRESTED AND JAILED IN FORT SANTIAGO •July 6, 1892- Wednesday, Rizal went to Malacanang Palace to resume his series of interviews with governor general •Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars)- incriminatory leaflets which allegedly found in Lucia’s pillow cases; it is under the authorship of Fr. Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila •Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, nephew and aide of Governor General Despujol •July 7, 1892- the Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal’s arrest which produced indignant commotion among the Filipino people, particlarly the members of the newly organized Liga Filipina •The same issue of the Gaceta (july 7, 1892) contained Governor General Despujol’s decree deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the South” •July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is 12:30 am of July 15, 1892) – Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This steamer under Captain Delgras departed at 1:00 AM, July 15, sailing south, passing Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan on Sunday, the 17 th of July at 7:00 in the evening •Captain Ricardo Carnicero- Spanish commandant of Dapitan whom Captain Delgras handed Rizal •July 17, 1892- July 31, 2896- Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan, a period of four years EXILE IN DAPITAN, 1892-1896 -Rizal lived in exile far-away Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao which was under the missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits, from 1892 to 1896 -Rizal practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies, continued his artistic and literary works, widened his knowledge of languages, established a school for boys, promoted developments projects, invented a wooden machine for making bricks, and engaged in farming and commerce BEGINNING OF EXILE IN DAPITAN •The steamer Cebu which brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo Pastells, Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippine, to Father Antonio Obach, Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan •Rizal lived in the house of the commandant, Captain Carnicero •A Don Ricardo Carnicero- Rizal wrote a poem on August 26, 1892, on the occasion of the captain’s birthday •September 21, 18792- the mail boat Butuan was approaching the town, with colored pennants flying in the sea breezes •Butuan- the mail boat, brought the happy tidings that the Lottery Ticket no. 9736 jointly owned by Captain Carcinero, Dr. Jose Rizal, and Francisco Equilior (Spanish resident of Dipolog, a neighboring town of Dapitan) won the second prize of P20,000 in the government-owned Manila Lottery •Rizal’s winning in the Manila Lottery reveals an aspect of his lighter side. He never drank hard liquor and never smoked but he was a lottery addict—this was his only vice •During his exile in Dapitan, Rizal had a long and scholarly debate with Father Pastells on religion. •In all his letters to Father Pastells, Rizal revealed his anti-Catholic ideas which he had acquired in Europe and embitterment at his persecution by the bad friars •According to Rizal, individual judgment is a gift from God and everybody should use it like a lantern to show the way and that self-esteem, if moderated by judgment, saves man from unworthy acts •Imitacion de Cristo (Imitation of Christ)- a famous Catholic book by Father Thomas a Kempis which Father Pastells gave to Rizal •Mr. Juan Lardet- a businessman, a French acquaintance in Dapitan, Rizal challenge in a duel—this man purchased many logs from the lands of Rizal •Antonio Miranda- a Dapitan merchant and friend of Rizal •Father Jose Vilaclara- cura of Dipolog •Pablo Mercado-friar’s spy and posing as a relative, secretly visited Rizal at his house on the night of November 3, 1891 -he introduced himself as a friend and relative, showing a photo of Rizal and a pair of buttons with the initials “P.M.” (Pablo Mercado) as evidence of his kinship with the Rizal family •Captain Juan Sitges- who succeeded Captain Carnicero on May 4, 1893 as commandant of Dapitan, Rizal denounced to him the impostor 27 •Florencio Namanan- the real name of “Pablo Mercado” -a native of Cagayan de Misamis, single and about 30 years old. He was hired by the Recollect friars to a secret mission in Dapitan—to introduce himself to Rizal as a friend and relative, to spy on Rizal’s activities, and to filch certain letters and writings of Rizal which might incriminate him in the revolutionary movement. •As physician in Dapitan—Rizal practiced Medicine in Dapitan. He had many patients, but most of them were poor so that he even gave them free medicine. -As a physician, Rizal became interested in local medicine and in the use of medicinal plants. He studied the medicinal plants of the Philippines and their curative values. •August 1893- Rizal’s mother and sister, Maria, arrived in Dapitan and lived with him for one year and a half. Rizal operated on his mother’s right eye •Rizal held the title of expert surveyor (perito agrimensor), which obtained from the Ateneo -In Dapitan, Rizal applied his knowledge of engineering by constructing a system of waterworks in order to furnish clean water to the townspeople •Mr. H.F. Cameron-an American engineer who praised Rizal’s engineering COMMUNITY PROJECTS FOR DAPITAN •When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he decided to improve it, to the best of his God-given talents and to awaken the civic consciousness of its people (1) Constructing the town’s first water system (2) Draining the marshes in order to get rid of malaria that infested Dapitan (3) Equip the town with its lighting system—this lighting system consisted of coconut oil lamps placed in the dark streets of Dapitan (4) Beautification of Dapitan—remodeled the town plaza in order to enhance its beauty •Rizal as Teacher—Rizal exile to Dapitan gives him the opportunity to put into practice his educational ideas. In 1893 he established a school which existed until the end of his exile in July, 1896. Rizal taught his boys reading, writing, languages (Spanish and English), geography, history, mathematics (arithmetic and geometry), industrial work, nature study, morals and gymnastics. He trained them how to collect specimens of plants and animals, to love work and to “behave like men” •Hymn to Talisay (Himno A Talisay)- Rizal wrote this poem in honor of Talisay for his pupils to sing •Contributions to Science—during his four-year exile in Dapitan, Rizal built up a rich collection of concology which consisted of 346 shells representing 203 species. Rizal also conducted anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological, geological, and geographical studies, as revealed by his voluminous correspondence with his scientists friends in Europe. •Linguistic Studies—In Dapitan, he learned the Bisayan, Subanum, and Malay languages. He wrote Tagalog grammar, made a comparative study of the Bisayan and Malayan languages and studied Bisayan (Cebuan), and Subanum languages -By this time, Rizal could rank with the world’s great linguists. He knew 22 languages—Tagalog, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian •Artistic works in Dapitan—Rizal continued his artistic pursuits in Dapitan. Rizal made sketches of persons and things that attracted him in Dapitan. -The Mother’s Revenge- a statuette made by Rizal representing the mother-dog killing the crocodile, by way of avenging her lost puppy -Other sculptural works of Rizal in Dapitan were a bust of Father Guerrico (one of his Ateneo professors), a statue of a girl called “the Dapitan Girl”, a woodcarving of Josephine Bracken (his wife) and a bust of St. Paul which he gave to Father Pastells •Rizal as Farmer—In Dapitan, Rizal devoted much of his time to agriculture. Rizal introduced modern methods of agriculture which he had observed in Europe and America. He encouraged the Dapitan farmers to discard their primitive system of tillage and adopt the modern agricultural methods •Rizal as Businessman—Rizal engaged in business in partnership with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan merchant, he made profitable business ventures in fishing, copra, and hemp industries -January 19, 1893-Rizal wrote a letter to Hidalgo expressing his plan to improve the fishing industry of Dapitan -The most profitable business venture of Rizal in Dapitan was in the hemp industry. May 14, 1893-Rizal formed a business partnership with Ramon Carreon in lime manufacturing -January 1, 1895-Rizal organized the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers to break the Chinese monopoly on business in Dapitan •Rizal’s Inventive Ability—Rizal invented a cigarette lighter which he sent as a gift to Blumentritt. He called it “sulpukan”. This unique cigarette lighter was made of wood. “Its mechanism”, said Rizal “is based on the principle of compressed air.” -During his exile in Dapitan, he invited a wooden machine for making bricks •My Retreat (Mi Retiro)- Rizal wrote this beautiful poem about his serene life as an exile in Dapitan and sent it to her mother on October 22, 1895, which acclaimed by literary critics as one of the best ever penned by Rizal. RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN 28 •Andres Bonifacio- the “Great Plebeian”, sowing the seeds of an armed uprising—the secret revolutionary society, called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892 •May 2, 1896- a secret meeting of the Katipunan at a little river called Bitukang Manok near the town of Pasig, Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary to Dapitan, in order to inform Rizal of the plan of the Katipunan to launch a revolution for freedom’s sake •June 15, 1896-Valenzuela left Manila on board the steamer Venus •To camouflage Valenzuela’s real mission, he brought with him a blind man Raymundo Mata and a guide, ostensibly going to Dapitan to solicit Rizal’s expert medical advice •June 21, 1896-evening, Dr. Pio Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan •Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s audacious project to plunge the country in bloody revolution because he was of sincere belief that it was premature, for two reasons: (1) the people are not ready for a revolution (2) arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of revolution •Rizal had offered his services as military doctor in Cuba, which was then in the throes of a revolution and a ranging yellow fever epidemic. There was a shortage of physicians to minister to the needs of the Spanish troops and the Cubans people •December 17, 1895- Rizal wrote to Governor General Ramon Blanco, Despujol’s successor, offering his services as military doctor in Cuba •July 30, 1896- Rizal received the letter from Governor General Blanco dated July 1, 1896 notifying him of acceptance of his offer. •“The Song of the Traveler” (El Canto del Viajero) -Rizal wrote this heart-warming poem because of his joy in receiving the gladsome news from Malacanang •July 31, 1896- Rizal’s four-year exile in Dapitan came to an end -Midnight of that date, Rizal embarked on board the steamer Espana •As farewell music, the town brass band strangely played the dolorous Funeral March of Chopin. Rizal must have felt it deeply, for with his presentment of death, it seemed an obsequy or a regimen •Rizal wrote in his diary, “I have been in that district four years, thirteen days and a few hours”
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