LEARNING - Is a process that depends on experience and leads to long-term changes in behavior potential? Behavior potential designated the possible behavior of an individual, not actual behavior. The main assumption behind all learning psychology is that the effects of the environment, conditioning, reinforcement, etc. provide psychologists with the best information from which to understand human behavior. Definition and nature of learning: Learning – define as any relatively permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result of practice or experience. 3 important elements; 1. Learning is a change in behavior, for better or for worse. 2. It is a change that takes place through practice or experience. 3. Before it can be called learning, the change must be relatively permanent. The change must last fairly long time. Learning V.S performances Learning – is what is in your head. Performance – is what you do, is simply what a person or an animal does. Schedules of reinforcement Two general schedules of reinforcement; Continuous reinforcement – which is provided every time the appropriate response appears. Intermittent or partial reinforcement – is often used once the response has been established. Four different schedules of intermittent reinforcement; 1. Fixed ratio schedule – the subject receives a reinforcement for each unit of work he accomplishes, rather than for every response. 2. Fixed interval schedule – only the first response after a certain length of time, such as fire minutes. 3. Variable ratio schedule – the subject cannot team exactly how many responses are required for the next reinforcement. 4. Variable interval schedule – the organism, might receive reinforcement for the first response after six minutes, then ten minutes and so forth. Insightful learning – a sudden recognition of the nature of the problem and its correct solution. Variables that lead to efficient learning 1. Feedback – the controlled world of the laboratory. 2. Meaningfulness of material – the more meaningful the material, the fewer trials are necessary to team it and the less variable is the performance from trial to trial. 3. The distribution of practice – motor skills, especially, are learned more effectively when the practice sessions are brief and carefully spaced. 4. Whole and part learning – whole learning is often the more efficient method for fast learners. 5. Imagery and learning – images are internal sensory representations of objects in the absence of those objects. They can bring words to mind, which can arouse images. Critical Periods of Learning Spalding suggesting that for some behaviors these are critical periods in life during which the responses are apparently easily learned, but if the behavior is not learned then, it may never be learned.
Posted on: Sun, 25 Jan 2015 14:10:09 +0000
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