Muhammad From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the Islamic prophet. For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). For other uses, see Muhammad (disambiguation). Islamic Prophet Muhammad Common calligraphic representation of Muhammads name Born Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh c. 570 Mecca, Makkah, Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia) Died 8 June 632 (aged 62 or 63) Medina, Hejaz, Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia) Resting place Tomb under the Green Dome of Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at Medina, Hejaz, present-day Saudi Arabia Other names Abu al-Qasim (Kunya), Also see Names of Muhammad Ethnicity Arab Religion Islam Spouse(s) Wives: Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (595–619) Sawda bint Zamʿa (619–632) Aisha bint Abi Bakr (619–632) Hafsa bint Umar (624–632) Zaynab bint Khuzayma (625–627) Hind bint Abi Umayya (629–632) Zaynab bint Jahsh (627–632) Juwayriya bint al-Harith (628–632) Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan (628–632) Rayhana bint Zayd (629–631) Safiyya bint Huyayy (629–632) Maymuna bint al-Harith (630–632) Maria al-Qibtiyya (630–632) Children Sons: al-Qasim, `Abd-Allah, Ibrahim Daughters: Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthoom, Fatimah Zahra Parents Father: `Abd Allah ibn `Abd al-Muttalib Mother: Aminah Relatives Ahl al-Bayt Part of a series on Muhammad Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الله بن عبد المطلب; c. 570 – c. 8 June 632),[1] also transliterated as Muhammad (Arabic: محمد), was a religious, political, and military leader[2][3][4] from Mecca who unified Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Baháís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muhammad is almost universally considered by Muslims as the last prophet sent by God for mankind.[5][n 1] While non-Muslims regard Muhammad to have been the founder of Islam,[6] Muslims consider him to have been the restorer of an unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.[7][8][9][10] Due to his activities as a social reformer, diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, military leader, and philanthropist, Michael H. Hart described him as the most influential human in history.[11] Born in about 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca,[12][13] Muhammad was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25.[14] Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of seclusion and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40,[12][15] that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that God is One, that complete surrender to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn)[n 2] acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.[16][17][18] Muhammad gained few followers early on, and was met with hostility from some Meccan tribes. To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some of his followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers in Mecca migrated to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, which is also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. After eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to 10,000, took control of Mecca in the largely peaceful Conquest of Mecca. He destroyed the pagan idols in the city[19] and then sent his followers out to destroy all of the remaining pagan temples in Eastern Arabia.[20][21] In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from The Farewell Pilgrimage, Muhammad fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam, and he had united Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity.[22][23] The revelations (or Ayah, lit. Signs [of God]) — which Muhammad reported receiving until his death – form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the Word of God and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammads life (sira) and traditions (sunnah) are also upheld by Muslims as the sources of sharia law. They discuss Muhammad and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrase peace be upon him whenever their names are mentioned.[24] While conceptions of Muhammad in medieval Christendom and premodern times were largely negative, appraisals in modern history have been far less so.[18][25] Names and appellations in the Quran The name Muhammad written in Thuluth, a script variety of Islamic calligraphy. The name Muhammad means Praiseworthy and occurs four times in the Quran.[26] The Quran addresses Muhammad in the second person not by his name but by the appellations prophet, messenger, servant of God (abd), announcer (bashir)[Quran 2:119], witness (shahid),[Quran 33:45] bearer of good tidings (mubashshir), warner (nathir),[Quran 11:2] reminder (mudhakkir),[Quran 88:21] one who calls [unto God] (dā‘ī),[Quran 12:108] light personified (noor)[Quran 05:15], and the light-giving lamp (siraj munir)[Quran 73:1]. Muhammad is sometimes addressed by designations deriving from his state at the time of the address: thus he is referred to as the enwrapped (al-muzzammil) in Quran 73:1 and the shrouded (al-muddaththir) in Quran 74:1.[27] In the Quran, believers are not to distinguish between the messengers of God and are to believe in all of them (Sura Al-Baqara 2:285). God has caused some messengers to excel above others 2:253 and in Sura Al-Ahzab 33:40 He singles out Muhammad as the Seal of the Prophets.[28] The Quran also refers to Muhammad as Aḥmad more praiseworthy (Arabic: أحمد, Sura As-Saff 61:6). Sources for Muhammads life
Posted on: Sun, 01 Dec 2013 15:22:28 +0000
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