We know what modifications have to occur . I do not know how this - TopicsExpress

We know what modifications have to occur . I do not know how this could happen ! Where is the detailed theoretical model describing the possible evolution? :) wannabe-anthropologist/wba_writing_pelvis.php PELVIC ADAPTATIONS FOR BIPEDALISM The hominid pelvis displays many unique features (when compared to that of quadrupedal primates) that support bipedalism. The major adaptations are seen in the sacrum and the ilia, as well as in the overall configuration and orientation of the pelvic bones. Several important changes occur in the sacrum. The broadening of the sacrum (and overall broadening of the pelvis) is critical for erect posture since it provides a basin for the support of the viscera, a function performed by the rib cage in quadrupeds (Snell and Donhuysen, 1968; Wolpoff, 1999). The hominid sacrum is also positioned differently, tilting forward relative to the ilium. This change in orientation supports the convex curvature of the lumbar spine (in the sagittal plane and oriented anteriorly), known as lordosis. This curvature, combined with the concave curvature of the thoracic spine, keeps the center of gravity of the torso directly over the pelvis (Wolpoff, 1999). The forward tilt provides another important benefit: It places the sacroiliac joints in vertical alignment with the acetabula, significantly reducing the muscle action required to stabilize/balance the torso while standing (ibid.). These changes in the sacrum facilitate standing on two legs, but more pelvic changes are required to walk on two legs. To walk, we push off with one foot and swing the other leg forward. Once the other leg begins this swing, it necessarily loses contact with the ground, requiring the first leg to bear all of the weight of the body. This is where some big changes were required in the shape of the pelvis and the function of some muscles. [....] ----- Figure 1: Comparison of pelves from (A) Pan, (B) Australopithecus, (C) Human female, and (D) Human male (from Lovejoy, 2005, figure 5).

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