1955-08-28 On this date in 1955, Emmit Till was murdered. Till was a 14-year-old African American boy who was beaten and shot to death by two white men. Emmett Louis Till was born on July 25, 1941, in Chicago, Illinois, the only child of Louis and Mamie Till. Till never knew his father, a private in the United States Army during World War II. Mamie and Louis Till separated in 1942, and three years later, the family received word from the Army that the soldier had been executed for willful misconduct while serving in Italy. Emmett Tills mother was, by all accounts, an extraordinary woman. Defying the social constraints and discrimination she faced as an African-American woman growing up in the 1920s and 30s, Mamie Till excelled both academically and professionally. She was only the fourth black student to graduate from suburban Chicagos predominantly white Argo Community High School, and the first black student to make the schools A Honor Roll. While raising Emmett Till as a single mother, she worked long hours for the Air Force as a clerk in charge of confidential files. Emmett Till, who went by the nickname Bobo, grew up in a thriving, middle-class black neighborhood on Chicagos South Side. The neighborhood was a haven for black-owned businesses, and the streets he roamed as a child were lined with black-owned insurance companies, pharmacies and beauty salons as well as nightclubs that drew the likes of Duke Ellington and Sarah Vaughan. Those who knew Till best described him as a responsible, funny, and infectiously high-spirited child. He was stricken with polio at the age of 5, but managed to make a full recovery, save a slight stutter that remained with him for the rest of his life. With his mother often working more than 12-hour days, Till took on his full share of domestic responsibilities from a very young age. Emmett had all the house responsibility, His mother later recalled. I mean everything was really on his shoulders, and Emmett took it upon himself. He told me if I would work, and make the money, he would take care of everything else. He cleaned, and he cooked quite a bit. And he even took over the laundry. Till attended the all-black McCosh Grammar School. His classmate and childhood pal, Richard Heard, later recalled, Emmett was a funny guy all the time. He had a suitcase of jokes that he liked to tell. He loved to make people laugh. He was a chubby kid; most of the guys were skinny, but he didnt let that stand in his way. He made a lot of friends at McCosh. In August 1955, Tills great uncle, Moses Wright, came up from Mississippi to visit the family in Chicago. At the end of his stay, Wright was planning to take Tills cousin, Wheeler Parker, back to Mississippi with him to visit relatives down South, and when Till, who was just 14 years old at the time, learned of these plans, he begged his mother to let him go along. Initially, Tills mother was opposed to the idea. She wanted to take a road trip to Omaha, Nebraska, and tried to convince her son to join her with the promise of open-road driving lessons. But Till desperately wanted to spend time with his cousins in Mississippi, and in a fateful decision that would have grave impact on their lives and the course of American history, Tills mother relented and let him go. On August 19, 1955—the day before Till left with his uncle and cousin for Mississippi—Mamie Till gave her son his late fathers signet ring, engraved with the initials L.T. The next day she drove her son to the 63rd Street station in Chicago. They kissed goodbye, and Till boarded a southbound train headed for Mississippi. It was the last time they ever saw each other. Three days after arriving in Money, Mississippi—on August 24, 1955—Emmett Till and a group of teenagers entered Bryants Grocery and Meat Market to buy refreshments after a long day picking cotton in the hot afternoon sun. What exactly transpired inside the grocery store that afternoon will never be known. Till purchased bubble gum, and some of the kids with him would later report that he either whistled at, flirted with, or touched the hand of the stores white female clerk—and wife of the owner—Carolyn Bryant. Four days later, at approximately 2:30 a.m. on August 28, 1955, Roy Bryant, Carolyns husband, and his half brother J.W. Milam kidnapped Till from Moses Wrights home. They then beat the teenager brutally, dragged him to the bank of the Tallahatchie River, shot him in the head, tied him with barbed wire to a large metal fan and shoved his mutilated body into the water. Moses Wright reported Tills disappearance to the local authorities, and three days later, his corpse was pulled out of the river. Tills face was mutilated beyond recognition, and Wright only managed to positively identify him by the ring on his finger, engraved with his fathers initials—L.T. Tills body was shipped to Chicago, where his mother opted to have an open-casket funeral with Tills body on display for five days. Thousands of people came to the Roberts Temple Church of God to see the evidence of this brutal hate crime. Tills mother said that, despite the enormous pain it caused her to see her sons dead body on display, she opted for an open-casket funeral in an effort to let the world see what has happened, because there is no way I could describe this. And I needed somebody to help me tell what it was like. In the weeks that passed between Tills burial and the murder and kidnapping trial of Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam, two black publications, Jet magazine and the Chicago Defender, published graphic images of Tills corpse. By the time the trial commenced—on September 19, 1955—Emmett Tills murder had become a source of outrage and indignation throughout the country. Because blacks and women were barred from serving jury duty, Bryant and Milam were tried before an all-white, all-male jury. In an act of extraordinary bravery, Moses Wright took the stand and identified Bryant and Milam as Tills kidnappers and killers. At the time, it was almost unheard of for blacks to openly accuse whites in court, and by doing so, Wright put his own life in grave danger. Despite the overwhelming evidence of the defendants guilt and widespread pleas for justice from outside Mississippi, on September 23, the panel of white male jurors acquitted Bryant and Milam of all charges. Their deliberations lasted a mere 67 minutes. Only a few months later, in January 1956, Bryant and Milam admitted to committing the crime. Protected by double jeopardy laws, they told the whole story of how they kidnapped and killed Emmett Till to Look magazine for $4,000. J.W. Milam and Roy Bryant died with Emmett Tills blood on their hands, Simeon Wright, Emmett Tills cousin and an eyewitness to his kidnapping (he was in the store with Emmett the day he was kidnapped by Milam and Bryant), later stated. And it looks like everyone else who was involved is going to do the same. They had a chance to come clean. They will die with Emmett Tills blood on their hands. Coming only one year after the Supreme Courts landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education mandated the end of racial segregation in public schools, Emmett Tills death provided an important catalyst for the American Civil Rights Movement. One hundred days after Tills murder, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on an Alabama city bus, sparking the yearlong Montgomery Bus Boycott. Nine years later, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, outlawing many forms of racial discrimination and segregation. In 1965, the Voting Rights Act, outlawing discriminatory voting practices, was passed. Though she never stopped feeling the pain of her sons death, Mamie Till (who died of heart failure in 2003) also recognized that what happened to her son helped open Americans eyes to the racial hatred plaguing the country, and in doing so helped spark a massive protest movement for racial equality and justice. Later events After Bryant and Milam admitted to killing Till in their interview, their support base eroded in Mississippi. Many of their former friends and supporters, including those who had contributed to their defense funds, cut them off. Their shops went bankrupt and closed after blacks boycotted them, and banks refused them loans to plant crops. After struggling to secure a loan and find someone who would rent to him, Milam managed to secure 217 acres and a $4,000 loan to plant cotton, but blacks refused to work for him, and he was forced to pay whites higher wages.Eventually, Milam and Bryant relocated to Texas, but their infamy followed them, and they continued to receive extreme animosity from locals. After several years, they returned to Mississippi. Milam found work as a heavy equipment operator, but ill health forced him into retirement. Over the years, Milam was tried for offenses such as assault and battery, writing bad checks, and using a stolen credit card. He died of spinal cancer in 1980, at the age of 61. Bryant worked as a welder while in Texas, until increasing blindness forced him to give up this employment. At some point, he and Carolyn divorced; he remarried in 1980. He opened a store in Ruleville, Mississippi and was convicted in 1984 and 1988 of food stamp fraud. In a 1985 interview, he denied that he had killed Till, but said: if Emmett Till hadnt got out of line, it probably wouldnt have happened to him. Fearing economic boycotts and retaliation, Bryant lived a private life and refused to allow himself to be photographed or reveal the exact location of his store, explaining: this new generation is different and I dont want to worry about a bullet some dark night. He died of cancer in 1994, at the age of 63. Tills mother married Gene Mobley, became a teacher, and changed her surname to Till-Mobley. She continued her life as an activist working to educate people about her sons murder. In 1992, Till-Mobley had the opportunity to listen while Bryant was interviewed about his involvement in Tills murder. With Bryant unaware that Till-Mobley was listening, he asserted that Till had ruined his life, expressed no remorse, and said, Emmett Till is dead. I dont know why he cant just stay dead. In 1996, documentary filmmaker Keith Beauchamp, who was greatly moved by Tills open casket photograph, started background research for a feature film he planned to make about Tills murder. He asserted that as many as 14 people may have been involved, including Carolyn Bryant Donham (who had remarried). Mose Wright heard someone with a lighter voice affirm that Till was the one in his front yard immediately before Bryant and Milam drove away with the boy. Beauchamp spent the next nine years producing The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till, released in 2003. That same year, PBS aired an installment of American Experience titled The Murder of Emmett Till. In 2005, CBS journalist Ed Bradley aired a 60 Minutes report investigating the Till murder, part of which showed him tracking down Carolyn Bryant at her home in Greenville, Mississippi. A 1991 book written by Stephen Whitfield, another by Christopher Mettress in 2002, and Mamie Till-Mobleys memoirs the next year all posed questions as to who was involved in the murder and cover-up, leading federal authorities to try to resolve the questions about the identity of the body pulled from the Tallahatchie River. In 2004, the U.S. Department of Justice announced that it was reopening the case to determine whether anyone other than Milam and Bryant was involved.[99] David T. Beito, a professor at the University of Alabama, states that Tills murder has this mythic quality like the Kennedy assassination. It was one of a number of cold cases dating to the Civil Rights era that Justice was investigating. The body was exhumed and an autopsy conducted by the Cook County coroner in 2005. Using DNA from Tills relatives, dental comparisons to images taken of Till, and anthropological analysis, the body exhumed was positively identified as Tills. It had extensive cranial damage, a broken left femur, and two broken wrists. Metallic fragments were found in the skull consistent with being shot with a .45 caliber gun. In February 2007, a Leflore County grand jury, composed primarily of black jurors and empaneled by Joyce Chiles, a black prosecutor, found no credible basis for Beauchamps claim that 14 people took part in Tills abduction and murder. Beauchamp was angry with the finding, but David Beito and Juan Williams, who worked on the reading materials for the Eyes on the Prize documentary, were critical of Beauchamp for trying to revise history and taking attention away from other cold cases. The grand jury failed to find sufficient cause for charges against Carolyn Bryant Donham. Neither the FBI nor the grand jury found any credible evidence that Henry Lee Loggins, identified by Beauchamp as a suspect who could be charged, had any role in the crime. Other than Loggins, Beauchamp refused to name any of the people he alleged were involved. On July 9, 2009, a manager and three laborers at Burr Oak Cemetery were charged with digging up bodies, dumping them in a remote area, and reselling the plots. Tills grave was not disturbed, but investigators found his original glass-topped casket rusting in a dilapidated storage shed. When Till was reburied in a new casket in 2005, there were plans for an Emmett Till memorial museum, where his original casket would be installed. The cemetery manager, who administered the memorial fund, pocketed donations intended for the memorial. It is unclear how much money was collected. Cemetery officials also neglected the casket, which was discolored, the interior fabric torn, and bore evidence that animals had been living in it, although its glass top was still intact. The Smithsonians National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C. acquired the casket a month later. According to director Lonnie Bunch III, it is an artifact with potential to stop future visitors and make them think. References 1.Jump up ^ Houck and Grindy, p. 20. 2.Jump up ^ Jr, Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, Waldo E. Martin (2013). Freedom on my mind : a history of African Americans, with documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. p. 637. ISBN 978-0-312-64884-8. 3.Jump up ^ A Savage Season in Mississippi: The Murder of Emmett Till Read more: The Murder of Emmett Till and the Sham Trial That Shocked the Nation | LIFE life.time/history/the-murder-of-emmett-till-and-the-sham-trial-that-shocked-the-nation/#ixzz313uWwLmc. Retrieved May 7, 2014. 4.Jump up ^ Houck and Grindy, pp. 4–5. 5.Jump up ^ Whitfield, p. 15. 6.Jump up ^ Beito and Beito, p. 116. 7.Jump up ^ Whitaker (1963), p. 19. 8.Jump up ^ Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 14–16. 9.Jump up ^ Till-Mobley and Benson, p. 17. 10.Jump up ^ Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 36–38. 11.Jump up ^ Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 56–58. 12.Jump up ^ Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 59–60. 13.Jump up ^ Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 70–87. 14.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Huie, William Bradford (January 1956). The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi. Look Magazine. Retrieved October 2010. 15.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), p. 6. 16.Jump up ^ Hampton, p. 2. 17.Jump up ^ Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. 98–101. 18.Jump up ^ Whitfield, p. 5. 19.Jump up ^ Whitaker (1963), pp. 2–10. 20.Jump up ^ Whitaker (1963), pp. 61–82. 21.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), p. 18. 22.^ Jump up to: a b Hampton, p. 3. 23.^ Jump up to: a b c d FBI (2006), p. 44. 24.Jump up ^ Timeline: The Murder of Emmett Till, PBS.org, Accessed January 27, 2014 25.Jump up ^ Wright, pp. 50–51. 26.Jump up ^ Mettress, p. 20. 27.Jump up ^ Whitfield, p. 18. 28.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Whitaker, Stephen (Summer 2005). A Case Study in Southern Justice: The Murder and Trial of Emmett Till, Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8 (2), pp. 189–224. 29.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h FBI (2006), p. 40. 30.^ Jump up to: a b c d The Emmett Till Murder Trial: An Account by Douglas Linder, (2012), Accessed January 28, 2014 31.Jump up ^ Hampton, pp. 3–4. 32.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), p. 46. 33.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), pp. 47–49. 34.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), pp. 51–56. 35.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), pp. 60–66. 36.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), pp. 55–57. 37.Jump up ^ Hampton, p. 4. 38.Jump up ^ Whitfield, p. 21. 39.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), p. 68. 40.^ Jump up to: a b Hampton, p. 6. 41.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), pp. 69–79. 42.Jump up ^ Metress, pp. 14–15. 43.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), pp. 77–79. 44.Jump up ^ Houck and Grindy, p. 6. 45.Jump up ^ Houck and Grindy, pp. 19–21. 46.Jump up ^ Hampton, p. 5. 47.Jump up ^ FBI (2006), pp. 80–81. 48.Jump up ^ Beito and Beito, p. 118. 49.Jump up ^ Whitfield, pp. 23–26. 50.Jump up ^ Metress, pp. 16–20. 51.Jump up ^ Houck and Grindy, pp. 22–24. 52.Jump up ^ Till-Mobley and Benson, p. 132. 53.Jump up ^ Whitfield, p. 23. 54.Jump up ^ Houck and Grindy, p. 29. 55.Jump up ^ Houck and Grindy, pp. 31–37. 56.^ Jump up to: a b Whitfield, pp. 28–30. 57.Jump up ^ Whitaker (1963), pp. 21–22. 58.Jump up ^ Beito and Beito, p. 119. 59.Jump up ^ Whitfield, p. 34. 60.^ Jump up to: a b Dewan, Shaila (August 28, 2005). How Photos Became Icon of Civil Rights Movement, The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
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