A7iiiiiih lama da yeb2a bas mokadima li kitap 300 saf7a fi 72o2 a3mil ana eh >.......................................................................................................... As scholars interested in political processes, outcomes, behavior, and attitudes, political scientists generally intersect with the field of criminology when they study the institutions that create and implement crime policy and criminal law, and when they explore the opinions and political behavior of citizens in relation to crime or the criminal justice system. The approaches take many forms: for example, the organization and function of the criminal justice system itself (police, courts, prisons); the political bodies that enact, implement, and interpret the criminal law (legislatures, executives, and courts); the reciprocal relationship between criminal laws and electoral systems, political parties and social movements; and public opinion. While their methods and theoretical foundations vary, political science approaches to criminology have in common a fundamental understanding of crime and justice as political outcomes that are shaped by political institutions, attitudes, and behavior. For this reason, this bibliography avoids delving too deeply into predominately sociological, legal, or anthropological works that do not focus specifically on understanding how political processes (including both government institutions and citizens) confront crime issues. Political science analysis of crime and criminal justice can be grouped into two main periods. Early work in the 1960s and 1970s focused primarily on policing, courts, and prisons as political institutions at a time when crime and violence were on the rise and racial unrest characterized much of the urban experience. The central questions of this research era had to do with public and political responses to crime rates, how criminal justice agencies coped with rising rates of criminal behavior, and the implementation of crime policy. In the 1990s, with the recognition of soaring incarceration rates and an increasingly “tough on crime” approach to policymaking—particularly in the United States and soon thereafter in other developed democracies—scholars turned their attention to the political mechanisms that generated such outcomes. This body of work focuses less on criminal justice institutions specifically and more on broader political dynamics that drive law and policy, such as partisan control of legislatures, public opinion, the presence of minority lawmakers, interest group dynamics, social movements, relationships between elite lawmakers and mass publics, and so on. This more recent scholarship is also more focused on the racial dimensions of crime and punishment, as well as the political implications and consequences of high rates of arrest and incarceration for democratic societies.
Posted on: Wed, 13 Aug 2014 03:29:06 +0000
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