AFRO ASIAN - ASIATIC - ANCIENT AFRICANS OF ASIA Updated about a week ago AFRO-ASIAN, AFROASIATIC AND BLASIAN THE THE BLACK PEOPLE OF ASIA THE PROTO-NEGROID BELT DR. BERTRAM THOMAS IS SPEAKING OF IN THIS PARAGRAPH ARE THE AFRICAN PEOPLES LIVING IN ASIA WHOM ARE DIRECT AFRICAN DESCENTS. THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF THE PROTO-NEGROID EOPLE OF ASIA: ATI PEOPLE, AETA PEOPLE, MANI PEOPLE, SEMANG PEOPLE, NEGRITO PEOPLE, SIDDI PEOPLE, GONDI PEOPLE, BONDA PEOPLE, BHIL PEOPLE, ADIVASI PEOPLE, ANDAMANESE PEOPLE, ANIU PEOPLE, AND DRAVIDIANS. THERE ARE NEARLY TWO HUNDRED TRIBES LIVING IN ASIA WHOM ARE OF DIRECT AFRICAN DESCENT. THESE ARE THE DIRECT DESCENDANTS OF THE EARLY AFRICAN EXPLORERS WHO VENTURED OUT OF AFRICA AND INTO EURASIA AND THE REST OF THE GLOBE. The Afroasiatic phylum probably originated in the mesolithic period, perhaps in the context of the Capsian culture. DNA analysis has found commonalities between Berber populations and those of the Sami people of Scandinavia showing a link dating from around 9,000 years ago. By 5000 BC, the populations of North Africa are an amalgamation of Ibero-Maurisian and Capsian stock blended with a more recent intrusion associated with the Neolithic revolution. Out of these populations, the proto-Berber tribes form during the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age. Afro-Asian and/or Blasian is a moniker used to refer a person of mixed African and Asian ancestry. The term also can refer to modern descendants of aboriginal, mostly uncontacted, Asian ethnic groups with direct genetic ties to ancient first-wave migrants coming out of continental African. Historically, Afro-Asian populations have been marginalized as a result of human migration and social conflict. Much has not changed for many within the global, present-day, Afro-Asian population. The ethnic group has direct genetic links to aboriginal sub-Saharan Africans and aboriginal Asian people. AFRICAN AMERICAN VIEWS ON HAMITIC ASIATICS African-American writers were initially ambivalent about the Hamitic hypothesis. Because Sergis theory proposed that the superior Mediterranean race had originated in Africa, support for the Hamitic hypothesis could be used to challenge claims about the superiority of white Anglo-Saxons of the Nordic race, promoted by writers such as Madison Grant. According to Yaacov Shavit this generated radical Afrocentric theory, which followed the path of European racial doctrines. Writers who insisted that the Nordics were the purest representatives of the Aryan race encouraged the transformation of the Hamitic race into the black race, and the resemblance it draws between the different branches of black forms in Asia and Africa. In response, the Journal of Negro History stressed the cross-fertilization of cultures between Africa and Europe, publishing an article by George Wells Parker who adopted Sergis view that the civilizing race had originated in Africa itself. In the same vein, the concept of Hamitic identity was taken up by black pride groups. Parker founded the Hamitic League of the World in 1917 by to inspire the Negro with new hopes; to make him openly proud of his race and of its great contributions to the religious development and civilization of mankind. He insisted that fifty years ago one would not have dreamed that science would defend the fact that Asia was the home of the black races as well as Africa, yet it has done just that thing. These ideas evolved into the concept of the Asiatic Blackman in the theories of Timothy Drew and Elijah Muhammad. Many other authors followed the argument that civilization had originated in Hamitic Ethiopia, a view that became intermingled with biblical imagery. The Universal Negro Improvement Association (1920) considered that Ethiopians were the mother race. The Nation of Islam asserted that the superior black race originated with the lost Tribe of Shabazz, which originally possessed fine features and straight hair, but which migrated into central Africa, lost its religion and declined into a barbaric jungle life. However, writers who were keen to create a Pan-African view of the unity of black African peoples considered the Hamitic hypothesis to be divisive, since it asserted that superior Africans were not Negroid. W. E. B. Du Bois wrote that the term Hamite under which millions of Negroes have been characteristically transferred to the white race by some eager scientists was a tool to create false writings on Africa to support the false superiority claims of Europeans. AFRO-ASIATIC LANGUAGES Two major Afro-Asiatic language are represented in Chad. Chadic languages stretch from the western borders of Nigeria to Ouaddaï Prefecture, and Arabic-speaking populations are scattered throughout the Sahel. Chadic Languages Most speakers of Chadic languages, including the 20 million speakers of Hausa, the major Chadic language, live west of Chad. The peculiar east-west distribution of Chadic along the southern fringe of the Sahara from western Nigeria to eastern Chad has led some experts to suggest that ancestral Chadic languages were spoken by peoples living along the southern shores of the Paleochadian Sea. The first cluster of languages is closely associated with water--the lake, the delta, the Chari and Logone rivers, and their adjacent floodplains. Water also is important to the economies of most of the populations speaking these languages. In the second cluster, Chadic speakers are descended from refugee populations who perhaps sought shelter in the highlands when the contraction of the sea and the increased aridity of the region allowed the penetration of more aggressive herding populations. Within Chad, the Chadic languages are distributed in two patterns. The first extends from Lake Chad south along the Chari and Logone rivers to Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture. Individual languages fall into five groups, arrayed from north to southeast. Buduma-Kouri is spoken by two groups of lake people who intermarry despite some social differences. The Buduma, who believe that they are the original inhabitants of Lake Chad, live on its northern islands and shores. In the past, the Buduma spent much of their time fishing on lake islands. In recent times, however, their economic activities have diversified to include farming and herding. Active in commerce between Chad and Nigeria, the Buduma raise cattle whose very large and hollow horns serve as flotation devices that permit their owners to herd them in the lake itself. The lake has long protected the Buduma, allowing them to maintain a separate identity. Despite centuries of contact with Islamic states around the lake, for example, they maintained their own religion until the early twentieth century. The Kouri, who speak the same language, live on the shores and islands of the southern part of Lake Chad. More devout Muslims, the Kouri believe that they are descendants of Muslim migrants from Yemen and that they are related to the Kanembu, whose medieval empire sponsored the spread of Islam in the region. Kouri economic activities resemble those of the Buduma; however, the absence of polders along this part of the lakeshore has led the Kouri to confine farming to small plots around their villages. Although they confine their herds to the islands during the dry season, they may entrust them to neighboring Kanembu for pasturing during the rains. Kotoko is spoken along the lower Chari and Logone rivers by peoples thought to be descendants of the legendary Sao. Divided into small states with fortified cities as their capitals, the Kotoko consider themselves owners of the land by virtue of their long residence, and other peoples in the region recognize this claim. For example, neighboring Arabs pay tribute for the right to farm and herd. The Kotoko also have a monopoly over fishing and water transport. Rights to the waters of the Logone and Chari rivers are divided among the cities, each of which has a chief of the waters, whose communications with the water spirits determine the opening of the fishing season. Non-Kotoko must pay for the right to fish. Outnumbered in their own lands by Bororo and Arab herders, only about 7,000 Kotoko lived in Chad in the late 1960s; three times as many lived across the Logone in Cameroon. Strife in Chad -- particularly the troubles in NDjamena in 1979 and 1980--probably has accelerated the emigration of the Kotoko from Chad. Massa languages, including Massa, Moussey, Marba, and Dari, are centered in southern Chari-Baguirmi and Mayo-Kebbi prefectures. The Massa proper farm, herd, and fish in floodplains of the middle Chari. Repeatedly through their history, the Massa suffered raids from their Muslim neighbors--the Kanuri of the Borno Empire, the Barma of the Bagirmi Empire, and the Fulani of Cameroon. The Massa survived these military onslaughts, in part because their villages, which crown the hills in the Chari floodplain, afforded protection for much of the year. Having survived these threats, in recent years the Massa ironically have adopted Muslim dress and have superimposed some features of Fulani political structure on their local chiefs of the lands. The other speakers of Massa languages resemble the Massa proper. Estimated to number 120,000 in the late 1970s, the largest group among them is the Moussey, who live in and around Gounou Gaya in Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture. The last cluster of Chadic languages in this first distribution encompasses Nachéré, Lélé, Gablai, and Guidar spoken primarily in Tandjilé Prefecture and with outlying languages that include Gabri (in Tandjilé Prefecture) and Toumak, Somrai, Ndam, Miltou, and Saraoua (in Moyen-Chari Prefecture). This cluster of languages forms a transition zone between the Massa and the Sara languages. The numbers of speakers of these languages are small, probably because their peoples have been absorbed by more numerous neighbors through intermarriage or emigration. The second Chadic language distribution comprises two clusters. The first brings together the languages spoken by the Hajerai, the mountain peoples of Guéra Prefecture. These peoples are descended from refugees from the surrounding plains who sought shelter in the mountains when invaded by raiders from neighboring centralized states. Despite the presence of non-Chadic languages (such as Kenga, which is part of the Sara-Bongo-Baguirmi group), most Hajerai speak Chadic languages, such as Djongor, Dangaleat, Bidyo, Mogoum, Sokoro, Barain, and Saba. The Hajerai groups share important religious institutions, such as the margai cult of place spirits; at the same time, they maintain separate identities and refuse to intermarry. All have traditions of fierce independence. The Hajerai were among the earliest supporters of rebellion against the Chadian national government in the 1960s. Moubi languages of Ouaddaï Prefecture make up the second cluster of this second distribution of Chadic languages. The Moubi are a sedentary people who live south of the Massalit. They grow millet, sorghum, sesame, beans, cotton, and peanuts. In recent years, they have also adopted cattle herding, a practice borrowed from the Missiriye Arab herders who regularly cross their lands and with whom the Moubi have long exchanged goods and services. Like the Hajerai, the Moubi have resisted the government since shortly after independence. ......................................................................... DO NOT CONFUSE THE AFRICANS WHO LIVED IN ANCIENT ANATOLIA (TURKEY), ARABIA, AND THE MAGHREB WITH MODERN ARABS. MODERN ARABS ARE THE FORMER CAUCASIAN MILITARY AND SERVANTS OF THE AFRICANS WHO LIVED IN THE MAGHREB, ANATOLIA, AND ARABIA Africans were never called Arabs. All Africans are identified by the name of their Tribe, State or Nation. Arabs are a hybrid people made by breeding a small population of Africans with larger populations of Asians and Caucasians. In the distant past when Africans ruled in what is now called Arabia the Africans were called, Elamites, Moabites, Babylonians, and dozens of ancient names, NEVER were Africans called Arabs. Even in recent history Africans living on the peninsula which was previously called North East Africa were actually called Afro-Asian, Blasian, and Asiatic, all three of these terms mean African. Arabs began being created in large numbers through breeding around 1,000 B.C., that is long before Rome existed. The modern Arab is a Caucasian and there were no caucasians living in what is now called Arabia in the distant past so NO, Arabs are NOT Africans. The modern Arabs are the descendants of the Caucasian military servants of the Africans who lived in Arabia, Anatolia (Turkey), and the Maghreb (North Africa), those caucasians were then called Janissary, Mamluk, and Ghilam, they were imported from Eastern Europe, and the Caucus regions, this is all strictly factual history, none of that make believe moorish foolishness. THE THREE BREEDS OF ARABS: MAMLUK - Mamluk meaning owned; also mameluke, is an Arabic designation for slave soldiers. More specifically, it refers to a military caste in medieval Egypt, Turkey and the Maghreb that rose from the ranks of slave soldiers who were mainly of Kipchak Turkish,Circassian and Georgian origins. GHILMAN - The Ghilman were slave-soldiers taken as prisoners of war from conquered regions or frontier zones, especially from among the Turkic people of Central Asia and the Caucasian peoples. They were opposed by the native population of the Maghreb and Arabia, and riots against the ghilman in Baghdad in 836 forced Mutasim to relocate his capital to Samarra. JANISSARY - The Janissaries meaning new soldier, were gathered from the caucasian populations, they were Greek, Albanian, Hungarian, Croatian, Romanian, Serbian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, and Polish. they were infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultans household troops and bodyguards. Janissaries were used as soldiers in Anatolia (Turkey), Arabia, and the Maghreb. The force was created by the Sultan Murad I in 1383 and was abolished by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 in the Auspicious Incident. .............................................................................. Arabic There are about thirty different dialects of Arabic in Chad. The Arabs divide themselves into three major tribes: the Juhayna, the Hassuna, and the Awlad Sulayman. In this context, tribe refers to a group claiming descent from a common ancestor. The Juhayna, who began arriving from Sudan in the fourteenth century, are by far the most important. The Hassuna, who migrated to Chad from Libya, live in Kanem Prefecture. The Awlad Sulayman also hail from Libya, but they arrived in the nineteenth century, well after the others. Most of the Arabs are herders or farmers. Among Arabic herdsmen, life-styles vary considerably. The different needs of camels, cattle, goats, and sheep result in different patterns of settlement and movement. In addition to herding, many Arabic speakers earn their livelihoods as small and middle-level merchants. In NDjamena and in towns such as Sarh and Moundou, Arabic speakers dominated local commerce up until the 1970s; however, because of the anti-Muslim violence in the south in the late 1970s, many moved to central or nothern Chad. Despite the diversity of dialects and the scattered distribution of Arabic-speaking populations, the language has had a major impact on Chad. In the Sahel, Arab herdsmen and their wives frequent local markets to exchange their animals, butter, and milk for agricultural products, cloth, and crafts. Itinerant Arab traders and settled merchants in the towns play major roles in local and regional economies. As a result, Chadian Arabic (or Turku) has became a lingua franca, or trade language. Arabic also has been important because it is the language of Islam and of the Quran, its holy book. Quranic education has stimulated the spread of the language and enhanced its stature among the non-Arab Muslims of Chad. Not all Arabic speakers are of Arab descent. The assimilation of local peoples (both free and slave) into Arabic groups has affected both the dialects and the customs of Arabic speakers in Chad. Non-Arabs also have adopted the language. To cite two examples, the Yalna and the Bandala are of Hajerai and Ouaddaïan origin, respectively, and were probably originally slaves who adopted the Arabic language of their masters. Among the Runga, who were not slaves, Arabic is also widely spoken. CHADIC ETHNIC GROUPS: Chad Basin, lying within the bidirectional corridor of African Sahel, is one of the most populated places in Sub-Saharan Africa today. The origin of its settlement appears connected with Holocene climatic ameliorations (aquatic resources) that started ~10,000 years before present (YBP). Although both Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo language families are encountered here, the most diversified group is the Chadic branch belonging to the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. In this article, we investigate the proposed ancient migration of Chadic pastoralists from Eastern Africa based on linguistic data and test for genetic traces of this migration in extant Chadic speaking populations. We performed whole mitochondrial genome sequencing of 16 L3f haplotypes, focused on clade L3f3 that occurs almost exclusively in Chadic speaking people living in the Chad Basin. These data supported the reconstruction of a L3f phylogenetic tree and calculation of times to the most recent common ancestor for all internal clades. A date ~8,000 YBP was estimated for the L3f3 sub-haplogroup, which is in good agreement with the supposed migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists and their linguistic differentiation from other Afro-Asiatic groups of East Africa. As a whole, the Afro-Asiatic language family presents low population structure, as 92.4% of mtDNA variation is found within populations and only 3.4% of variation can be attributed to diversity among language branches. The Chadic speaking populations form a relatively homogenous cluster, exhibiting lower diversification than the other Afro-Asiatic branches (Berber, Semitic and Cushitic). The results of our study support an East African origin of mitochondrial L3f3 clade that is present almost exclusively within Chadic speaking people living in Chad Basin. Whole genome sequence-based dates show that the ancestral haplogroup L3f must have emerged soon after the Out-of-Africa migration (around 57,100 ± 9,400 YBP), but the Chadic L3f3 clade has much less internal variation, suggesting an expansion during the Holocene period about 8,000 ± 2,500 YBP. This time period in the Chad Basin is known to have been particularly favourable for the expansion of pastoralists coming from northeastern Africa, as suggested by archaeological, linguistic and climatic data. CUSHIC / ETHIOPIAN ETNIC GROUPS: Afar, Alaba, Agew/Awingi, Agew/Kamyr, Amhara, Anyiwak, Arborie, Argoba, Ari, Badi, Basketo, Bench, Burji, Charra, Dasenech, Dime, Dizi, Dorzie, Fekashi, Felasha, Gamo, Gamili, Ganjule, Gebai, Gedeo, Gewada, Gidole, Goffo, Guagu, Gurage, Hadiyya, Hamer, Harari/Adare, Jebelawi, Kebena, Kechama, Keffa, Kemant, Kembata, Konta, Kulo, Kewama, Koma, Konso, Koyra, Kunama, Mabaan, Macha, Mareko, Mao, Meen, Malie, Mello, Mer, Mesengo, Mossiya, Mursi, Nao, Nuer, Nyangatom, Oromo, Oyda, Saho, She, Sheko, Shinasha, Shita, Sidama, Soddo, Somali, Suri, Tigrayani, Timbaro, Tsamay, Welaytta, Werji, Weyito, Yemsa, Zeysie, Zergula BEDOUIN TRIBES Ababda, al-Abbadi, al-Ajman, Anizzah, al-Awazem, Azazme, al-Balawi, al-Baggara, Bani Hajer,Beni Hamida, Banu Hothail, Bani Kinanah, Quraysh, Bani Khalid, Bani Okal or Bani Uqayl, Bani Rasheed Rashaida, Bani Truf in Ahwaz, Bani Tameem, Bani Arak or al-Araki or al-Bo Araki, Banu Yam, alatwy a tribe (also known as Beni Ateyah), Beni Ḥassān, Beni Sakhr, al Bu Romaih, al-Daajah, Dulaim, al-Duwasir, Ghamid, al-Hadid, al-Hajajj, al-Hajaya, Harb, Hareeb, al-Howaitat, al-Khassawneh, Jaalin, al Jalahma, Juhayna, al-Magableh, Khawalid, al-Majali, Makki tribes, Manasir, al-Mawasi, al-Massaed, al-Matheel, al-Murrah, Murad, Mutair, Muzziena, al Nuaim, al-Rashaydah, Rwala, Shahran (al-Ariydhah), Shaigiya, Shammar, Subay, Swellat, Tarabin, Tuba-Zangariyye Ubeidah, Ummur, Utaybah Yahia, Zaab, Zahranites or the zahrani community, Al-Zinati. BEDOUIN PEOPLE EXPLAINED: Bedouin, also spelled Beduin, Arabic Badawi, plural Badw, Arabic-speaking nomadic peoples of the Middle Eastern deserts, especially of Arabia, Iraq, Syria, and Jordan. The Bedouin constitute only a small part of the total population of the Middle East but inhabit or utilize a large part of the land area. Most of them are animal herders who migrate into the desert during the rainy winter season and move back toward the cultivated land in the dry summer months. Although the Bedouin, as a matter of caste, traditionally despise agricultural work and other manual labour, many of them have become sedentary as a result of political and economic developments, especially since World War II. In the 1950s, Saudi Arabia and Syria nationalized Bedouin range lands, and Jordan severely limited goat grazing. Conflicts over land use between Bedouin herders on the one hand and settled agriculturists on the other have increased since then. The traditional Bedouin can be classified according to the animal species that are the basis of their livelihood. First in prestige are the camel nomads, who occupy huge territories and are organized into large tribes in the Sahara, Syrian, and Arabian deserts. Beneath them in rank are the sheep and goat nomads, who stay mainly near the cultivated regions of Jordan, Syria, and Iraq. Cattle nomads are found chiefly in South Arabia and in Sudan, where they are called Baqqārah (Baggara). Following World War I, the Bedouin tribes had to submit to the control of the governments of the countries in which their wandering areas lay. This also meant that the Bedouins’ internal feuding and the raiding of outlying villages had to be given up, to be replaced by more peaceful commercial relations. Service in armed forces and even labour in construction became more common, especially after World War II. The tribal character of Bedouin society continued, however, as did the patriarchal order in their extended, patrilineal, endogamous and polygynous families. Among the Arabic-speaking tribes, the head of the family, as well as of each successively larger social unit making up the tribal structure, is called sheikh; the sheikh is assisted by an informal tribal council of male elders. In addition to the “noble” tribes who trace their ancestry to either Qaysi (northern Arabian) or Yamani (southern Arabian) origin, traditional Bedouin society comprises scattered, “ancestorless,” vassal tribal splinter groups who shelter under the protection of the large noble tribes and make a living by serving them as blacksmiths, tinkers, artisans, entertainers, and other workers. BEDOUINS IN ISRAEL: The Bedouin tribes originated in the Arabian Peninsula. After the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, tribes began migrating to Israel. Approximately half of those tribal immigrants came to the Negev and to the Galilee from the Arabian Peninsula; farmers from Egypt and tribes-people from Sudan made up the other half. Although Israel does not differentiate between races within Bedouin culture, the Bedouin themselves often differentiate between black Bedouins and white Bedouins. The white Bedouin are dark-skinned; the black Bedouin are actually of African descent, tribal people who were kidnapped and sold as slaves, eventually being brought to Israel. After Israel became a state, the black Bedouin were free, and many chose to live among the white Bedouin in towns and villages, although the latter still consider them second class citizens, and marriage between the two groups is still taboo. SEMITIC PEOPLE EXPLAINED: The term Semite means a member of any of various ancient and modern Semitic-speaking peoples originating in southwestern Asia, including; Akkadians (Assyrians and Babylonians), Eblaites, Ugarites, Canaanites, Phoenicians (including Carthaginians), Hebrews (Israelites, Judeans and Samaritans), Ahlamu, Arameans, Chaldeans, Amorites, Moabites, Edomites, Nabateans, Maganites, Shebans, Sutu, Ubarites, Dilmunites, Bahranis, Maltese, Mandaeans, Sabians, Syriacs, Mhallami, Amalekites and Ethiopian Semites. Semite, Person speaking one of a group of related languages, presumably derived from a common language, Semitic (see Semitic languages). The term came to include Arabs, Akkadians, Canaanites, some Ethiopians, and Aramaean tribes including Hebrews. Semitic tribes migrated from the Arabian Peninsula, beginning c. 2500 bc, to the Mediterranean coast, Mesopotamia, and the Nile River delta. In Phoenicia, they became seafarers. In Mesopotamia, they blended with the civilization of Sumer. The Hebrews settled at last with other Semites in Palestine. BERBER BERBER ETHNIC GROUPS: Blida, Brabers, Chlouhs, Chenini & Douiret, Chenoui, Djerba, Kabyle, Matmata, Mozabites, Nafusis, Riffians, Shawiya, Siwi, Tlemcen, Tuaregs, Zenatas, Zuwaras Berbers are the indigenous ethnic group of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language and local varieties of it, which together form the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Today, varieties of Maghrebi colloquial Arabic are spoken by a large portion of Berbers besides the Berber language itself. Foreign languages like French and Spanish, inherited from European occupation, are used by some educated Berbers in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria in some formal contexts such as higher education or business. Today, most Berber-speaking people live in Morocco and Algeria. Smaller Berber-speaking populations are scattered throughout Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, Mali and Niger, as well as large migrant communities living in Europe. The presence of the Arabic language and dialects is due to the spread of Islam and to the immigration of some Arab tribes to the region centuries ago. A Berber person is not necessarily only someone who happens to speak Berber. The Berber identity is usually wider than language and ethnicity, and encompasses the entire history and geography of North Africa. Berbers are not a homogeneous ethnic group and they encompass a range of phenotypes, cultures and ancestries. The unifying forces for the Berber people could be their Berber language, belonging to the Berber homeland, or a collective identification with the Berber heritage and history. Linguistically speaking, there are some 25 to 35 million Berber-language speakers in North Africa. Many Berbers call themselves some variant of the word imazighen (singular: Amazigh), possibly meaning free people or free and noble men. The word has probably an ancient parallel in the Roman and Greek names for some of the Berbers, Mazices. Some of the best known of the ancient Berbers are the Numidian king Masinissa, king Jugurtha, the Berber-Roman author Apuleius, Saint Augustine of Hippo, and the Berber-Roman general Lusius Quietus, who was instrumental in defeating the major wave of Jewish revolts of 115–117. Dihya or Kahina was a female Berber religious and military leader who led a fierce Berber resistance against the Arab-Muslim expansion in Northwest Africa. Kusaila (died in the year 690, Berber: Aksil or Aksel, Tifinagh was a 7th century leader of the Awraba tribe of the Berber people and head of the Sanhadja confederation. Famous Berbers of the Middle Ages include Yusuf ibn Tashfin, king of the Berber Almoravid empire; Tariq ibn Ziyad the general who conquered Hispania; Abbas Ibn Firnas, a prolific inventor and early pioneer in aviation; Ibn Battuta, a medieval explorer who traveled the longest known distances in pre-modern times; and Estevanico, an early explorer of the Americas. Well-known modern Berbers in Europe include Zinedine Zidane, a French-born international football star of Algerian Kabyle descent, Loreen the Swedish-born winner of Eurovision 2012 and Ibrahim Afellay, a Dutch-born footballer of Moroccan Riffian descent. ........................................................... OUT OF AFRICA AFRICANS MIGRATED OUT OF AFRICA AND INTO ASIA, AUSTRALIA, the AMERICAS AND SEVERAL SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS as early as 200,000 years ago establishing tribes and mixing with the earlier populations of homo-erectus and neanderthals. Genetic and fossil evidence is interpreted to show that archaic Homo sapiens evolved to anatomically modern humans solely in Africa, between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago, that members of one branch of Homo sapiens left Africa by between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago, and that over time these humans replaced earlier human populations such as Neanderthals and Homo-erectus. The date of the earliest successful out of Africa migration (earliest migrants with living descendents) has generally been placed at 60,000 years ago as suggested by genetics, although attempts at migration out of the continent may have taken place as early as 125,000 years ago according to Arabian archaeology finds of tools in the region. These OUT of AFRICA groups are normally refers to as being the indigenous inhabitants of the lands in which they settled. The following is a list of some of the groups of Afro-Asians with genetic ties to the earliest African travelers. THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF PEOPLES LIVING IN ASIA WHOM ARE DIRECT AFRICAN DESCENT: ATI PEOPLE, AETA PEOPLE, MANI PEOPLE, SEMANG PEOPLE, NEGRITO PEOPLE, SIDDI PEOPLE, GONDI PEOPLE, BONDA PEOPLE, ANIU PEOPLE, BHIL PEOPLE, ADIVASI PEOPLE, ANDAMANESE PEOPLE, AND DRAVIDIANS. THERE ARE DOZENS MORE, I WILL POST A COMPLETE LIST OF FOUR HUNDRED TRIBES OF DIRECT AFRICAN DESCENT IN A FUTURE POST. MOST BEDOUIN AND SEMITIC AFRICANS HAVE BEEN HEAVILY INTERBRED WITH NON-AFRICAN ASIANS BUT ARE STILL PRIMARILY CONSIDERED AFRICAN. DRAVIDIANS PEOPLE The Dravidians Sudanese /Ethiopian Indians Africa extended into what is now called India. The Dravidians or original peoples sometimes referred to as Dalits are Ethiopians/Africans. The term Dalits means Bound and the name may have been given to them by those who enslaved them and put them in a racist caste system at the lowest levels. the Dalits or Dravidians were the indigenous peoples of India or the Eastern Ethiopians or Eastern Africans. The distinction between the black-skinned Sudroid races of southern India and the fair-skinned Aryan races of northern India is not an invention of English colonialist historians; it is a feature mentioned by the earliest Greek travelers who visited south Asia centuries before the advent of Robert Clive. The ancient Greeks considered the Africans and Sudras (modern Dalits and Dravidians) as belonging to the same `Ethiopian stock. `Ethiopian was the Greek word for `Negro, and Greek authors referred to the African Negroes as `Western Ethiopians and to the Sudroids as `Eastern Ethiopians (ie. Eastern Negroes) [ Herodotus. ] Witness the following citation from Herodotus - The Eastern Ethiopians, differed in nothing from the other Ethiopians, save in their language, and the character of their hair. For the Eastern Ethiopians have straight hair, while they of Libya are more woolly-haired than any other people in the world. ]n other respects India is not unlike Ethiopia, and the Indian rivers have crocodiles like the Ethiopian and Egyptian Nile; and some of the Indian rivers have fish and other large water animals like those of the Nile, save the river-horse: though Onesicritus states that they do have the river-horse also. The appearance of the inhabitants, too, is not so far different in India and Ethiopia; the southern Indians resemble the Ethiopians a good deal, and, are black of countenance, and their hair black also, only they are not as snub-nosed or so woolly-haired as the Ethiopians; but the northern Indians are most like the Egyptians in appearance. Arrian, `Anabasis Alexandri, Book VIII (Indica), Chapter 6, tr. E. Iliff Robson (1933) ANDAMANESE PEOPLE The first wave of African migrants arrived on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands over 70,000 years ago. Present day descendants of these ancient arrivals, the Andamanese people, had been fully isolated from Indian society and the Western world only until a few decades ago. The ethnic group carries genetic traits linking them, directly, to continental Africans as well as fellow aboriginal Asian populations from countries such as Tibet and Japan. The most notable Great Andamanese is Boa Sr. who died in 2010 as the last speaker of the Aka-Bo language which was specific to her sub-clan. The Andamanese are believed to be descended from the migrations which, about 70,000 years ago, brought modern humans out of Africa to India and Southeast Asia. The Andamanese are classified as Negritos (sometimes also called Proto-Australoids), together with the Semang of Malaysia and the Aeta of the Philippines. Their ancestors are thought to have arrived in the islands 60,000 years ago from coastal India (or crossed over a land bridge from Burma on what is now the Continental shelf of the northern Indian Ocean, during a glacial period when the sea levels were substantially lower than they are today. It is assumed that those ancestors were part of the initial Great Coastal Migration that was the first expansion of humanity out of Africa, via the Arabian peninsula, along the coastal regions of the Indian mainland and towards Southeast Asia, Japan and Oceania. Some anthropologists postulate that Southern India and Southeast Asia was once populated largely by Negritos similar to those of the Andamans, and that some tribal populations in the south of India, such as the Irulas are remnants of that period. Until the late 18th century, the Andamanese culture, language and genetics were preserved from outside influences by their fierce reaction to visitors, which included killing any shipwrecked foreigners, and by the remoteness of the islands. The various tribes and their mutually unintelligible languages are thus believed to have evolved on their own over millennia. ADIVASI PEOPLE Adivasi is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups claimed to be the aboriginal population of India. They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India. The same term Adivasi is used in Sri Lanka to refer to the native Vedda people. The word is also used in the same sense in Nepal as is another word janajati although the political context differed historically under the Shah and Rana dynasties. Adivasi societies are particularly present in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and some northeastern states, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Many smaller tribal groups are quite sensitive to ecological degradation caused by modernization. Both commercial forestry and intensive agriculture have proved destructive to the forests that had endured swidden agriculture for many centuries. Population complexities, and the controversies surrounding ethnicity and language in India, sometimes make the official recognition of groups as adivasis (by way of inclusion in the Scheduled Tribes list) political and contentious. However, regardless of their language family affiliations, Australoid and Negrito groups that have survived as distinct forest, mountain or island dwelling tribes in India and are often classified as adivasi.] The relatively autonomous Mongoloid tribal groups of Northeastern India (including Khasis, Apatani and Nagas), who are mostly Austro-Asiatic or Tibeto-Burman speakers, are also considered to be adivasis: this area comprises 7.5% of Indias land area but 20% of its adivasi population. However, not all autonomous northeastern groups are considered adivasis; for instance, the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Meitei of Manipur were once tribal but, having been settled for many centuries, are caste Hindus. It is also difficult, for a given social grouping, to definitively decide whether it is a caste or a tribe. A combination of internal social organization, relationship with other groups, self-classification and perception by other groups has to be taken into account to make a categorization, which is at best inexact and open to doubt. These categorizations have been diffused for thousands of years, and even ancient formulators of caste-discriminatory legal codes (which usually only applied to settled populations, and not adivasis) were unable to come up with clean distinctions. BHIL PEOPLE Bhils are primarily an Adivasi people of Central India. Bhils are also settled in the Tharparkar District of Sindh, Pakistan. They speak the Bhil languages, a subgroup of the Western Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages. Bhils are listed as Adivasi residents of the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra,and Rajasthan in western,deccan regions and central India as well as in Tripura in far-eastern India on the border with Bangladesh. Bhils are divided into a number of endogamous territorial divisions, which in turn have a number of clans and lineages. Most Bhils now speak the language of the region they reside in, such as Marathi and Gujarati.they mostly speak a dialect of hindi. The Ghoomar dance is one well-known aspect of Bhil culture. Historically, the Bhil were tribals, residing in deep forests and experts in hunting: a fearsome tribe. In feudal and colonial times, many Bhils were employed by the ruling Rajputs in various capacities, e.g. as Shikaris because of their knowledge of the terrain. Many had even become warriors in armies.Bhils respected their motherland and were ready to defend it if anybody tried to occupy it. They were in the Mewar army of Maharana Pratap Singh and like Chhatrapati Shivaji, were experts in guerilla warfare which the Mughal Empire had so much trouble handling. Today, there is a Mewar Bhil Corps. In Hindu mythology, popular Bhil figures are Shabari, who offered Rama and Lakshmana half-eaten jujubes when they were searching for Sita in the forest. Matanga was a Bhil sage who became a Brahmana. According to a Brahman parohit of the Ahirias at Hodal, the Baurias and Ahirias are descended from Goha, a Bhil who married a Thakur, and the children were Baurias and Ahirias where the Ahirias are very mixed and the pure unmixed Bhils are the Baurias. In the Mahabharata also there is a popular story of Ekalavya, a Bhil, who developed his archery skill as equal to Arjuna. Drona asked his thumb in Guru-Dakshina. Rama appears in a Bhil myth where there has been a flood that wiped out humanity; he suggests how it can be repopulated. Bhils also believe in Bholo Iswor. BONDA PEOPLE The Bonda (also known as the Bondo, Bondo Poraja, Bhonda, or Remo) are an ancient tribe of people numbering approximately 12,000 (2011 census) who live in the isolated hill regions of the Malkangiri district of southwestern Orissa, India, near the junction of the three states of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh. The Bonda are a scheduled tribe of India and are also known as the Remo (meaning people in the Bonda language). The tribe is one of the oldest and most primitive in mainland India; their culture has changed little for more than a thousand years. They are one of the 75 Primitive Tribal Groups identified by the Government of India. Their isolation and known aggressiveness continue to preserve their culture despite the pressures of an expanding Indian population. Their language belongs to the Munda subgroup of the Austro-Asiatic language family GONDI PEOPLE The Gondi (Gōndi) or Gond people are people in central India, spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra (Vidarbha), Chhattisgarh, northern Andhra Pradesh, and Western Orissa. With over four million people, they are the largest tribe in Central India. Gond or Rajgond are same tribes. The term Raj Gond was widely used in 1940s, but has now become almost obsolete, probably because of the political eclipse of the Gond Rajas. The Gondi language is related to Telugu and other Dravidian languages. About half of Gonds speak Gondi languages, while the rest speak Indo-Aryan languages including Hindi. SIDDI The Siddi, Siddhi, or Sheedi, also known as Habshi, are an ethnic group in Sub-continent mainly in India and Pakistan of Black African and/or Afro-Arab descent. The Siddi population is currently estimated to be 20,000–55,000, with Gujarat and Hyderabad in India and Makran and Karachi in Pakistan as the main population centers. Siddis are mainly Sufi Muslims, although some are Hindus and some Roman Catholic Christians. Villages in the forests of northern Karnataka, for instance, have residents who likely are descended from Mozambican/Angolan slaves who escaped from Portuguese traders and ships. The first Siddis are thought to have arrived in India in 628 AD at the Bharuch port. Several others followed with the first Arab Islamic invasions of the subcontinent in 712 AD. The latter group are believed to have been soldiers with Muhammad bin Qasims Arab army, and were called Zanjis. The more recently emerged Afro-Asian population, the Siddi, result from the slave trade during Muslim, Portuguese and British occupation in India between the 7th and 19th centuries. Under a slightly different slave system from that of the Atlantic slave trade, slaves usually worked as domestics, tradesmen or military personnel and were encouraged to assimilate and intermarry within the existing population. With their own unique cultural identity, the population is about 50,00 strong. About a third of the Siddi reside in the state of Karnataka. NEGRITO PEOPLE The aboriginal Negrito population of the Malay Peninsula arrived before the Common era. Their specific genetic ties are uncertain, however they carry a black phenotype that is closely similar to sub-Saharan black Africans, including hair texture. The ethnic group is thought to have genetic ties to the Aeta peoples of the Philippines, which would make them, at least partially per scientific definition, Australo-Melanesians. SEMANG PEOPLE The Semang are a Negrito ethnic group of the Malay Peninsula. Lowland Semang tribes are also known as Sakai, although this term is considered to be derogatory by the Semang people. They are probably the indigenous peoples of this area. They have been recorded to have lived here since before the 200s Common Era. They are ethnologically described as nomadic hunter-gatherers. They are thought to be related to other Negritos, such as the natives of the Andaman Islands and the Aetas of the Philippines. Their languages, however, are Aslian, in the Mon-Khmer family. MANI PEOPLE The Maniq are an ethnic group of Thailand. They are the only Negrito group in Thailand and speak Maniq (also called Tonga, Kensiu or Mos), a Mon–Khmer language in the Aslian language group. It is thought they once spoke a language similar to the Andamanese language but then adopted the language of the Mon–Khmer people around them. The Maniq are a hunting and gathering society. They build temporary huts of bamboo with roofs made of banana leaves. They hunt many types of animals and consume many different kinds of vegetables and fruits. They wear simple clothes made of materials such as bamboo leaves. They are familiar with many different species of medicinal herbs. The total population of the Maniq is about 300 people. AETA PEOPLE The Aeta, Agta or Ayta are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of Luzon, Philippines. They are considered to be Negritos, who are dark to very dark brown-skinned and tend to have features such as a small stature, small frame, curly to kinky afro-like textured hair with a higher frequency of naturally lighter hair color (blondism) relative to the general population, small nose, and dark brown eyes. They are thought to be among the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines, preceding the Austronesian migrations. The Aeta (pronounced as “eye-ta,”), Agta or Ayta are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of Luzon, Philippines. They are thought to be among the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines, preceding the Austronesian migrations. The Aeta were included in the group of people termed “Negrito” during Spanish colonial rule as Negritos. Various Aeta groups in northern Luzon are known as “Pugut” or “Pugot,” a name designated by their Ilocano-speaking neighbors, and which is the colloquial term for those with darker complexions. In Ilocano, the word also means “goblin” or “forest spirit.” The Aeta were included in the group of people termed Negrito during Spanish colonial rule as Negritos. Various Aeta groups in northern Luzon are known as Pugut or Pugot, a name designated by their Ilocano-speaking neighbors, and which is the colloquial term for those with darker complexions. In Ilocano, the word also means goblin or forest spirit The Aeta people in the Philippines are Australo-Melanesians. Today other groups of Australo-Melanesians are the Aborigines in Australia, Papuans and the Melanesians of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, New Caledonia etc. The history of the Aeta continues to confound anthropologists and archaeologists. One theory suggests that the Aeta are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines, who, contrary to their seafaring Austronesian neighbors, arrived through land bridges that linked the country with the Asian mainland about 30,000 years ago. Unlike many of their Austronesian counterparts, the Aetas have shown resistance to change. The attempts of the Spaniards to settle them in reducciones or reservations all throughout Spanish rule failed. The Aeta are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of the Philippines. Aetas are considered as the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines, preceding the Austronesian migrations. They are nomadic and build only temporary shelters made of sticks driven to the ground and covered with the palm of banana leaves. The well-situated and more modernized Aetas have moved to villages and areas of cleared mountains. They live in houses made of bamboo and cogon grass. Aetas are found in Zambales, Tarlac, Pampanga, Angeles, Olongapo, Panay, Bataan and Nueva Ecija. But because of the Mount Pinatubo eruption, some of them moved to resettlement areas in Pampanga and Tarlac. ATI The Ati is a Negrito ethnic group in Panay, which is located in the Visayas (Islands of Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Leyte, Samar, Panay, Masbate, Negros and Guimaras), the central portion of the Philippine archipelago. They are genetically-related to other Negrito ethnic groups in the Philippines such as the Aeta of Luzon, the Batak of Palawan, and the Mamanwa of Mindanao. In the Philippines the Aetas or Ati ancestors were the aboriginals or the first inhabitants of this Archipelago. They most probably arrived from Borneo 20-30,000 years ago, through what is thought to be an isthmus (remnants of which today comprise the island of Palawan) that in the prehistoric epoch connected the Philippine archipelago to Borneo via a land bridge. According to some oral traditions, they also predate the Bisaya, who now inhabit most of the Visayas.
Posted on: Thu, 20 Mar 2014 18:09:29 +0000
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