Abstract Volcanoes pose a threat to almost half a billion people; today there are approximately 500 active volcanoes on Earth, and every year there are 10 to 40 volcanic eruptions. Volcanic eruptions produce hazardous effects for the environment, climate, and the health of the exposed persons, and are associated with the deterioration of social and economic conditions. Along with magma and steam (H2O), the following gases surface in the environment: carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbon sulphide (CS), carbon disulfide (CS2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen bromide (HBr) and various organic compounds, as well as heavy metals (mercury, lead, gold).Their unfavourable effects depend on the distance from a volcano, on magma viscosity, and on gas concentrations. The hazards closer to the volcano include pyroclastic flows, flows of mud, gases and steam, earthquakes, blasts of air, and tsunamis. Among the hazards in distant areas are the effects of toxic volcanic ashes and problems of the respiratory system, eyes and skin, as well as psychological effects, injuries, transport and communication problems, waste disposal and water supplies issues, collapse of buildings and power outage. Further effects are the deterioration of water quality, fewer periods of rain, crop damages, and the destruction of vegetation. During volcanic eruptions and their immediate aftermath, increased respiratory system morbidity has been observed as well as mortality among those affected by volcanic eruptions. Unfavourable health effects could partly be prevented by timely application of safety measure Nanalig si Andres Bonifacio na wasto at makatarungan ang adhikain ng Katipunan – ang maging malaya ang buong Katagalugan mula sa Espanya. Ngunit hindi lahat ay handa sa pagbabago ng sistemang nakasanayan. Nariyan ang ilang ilustrado na yumaman dahil malapit sa mga prayle at nakaupo sa gobyerno. Sa pagtanggi ng mga ito na magbigay ng donasyon sa Katipunan, mamumulat si Andres Bonifacio sa katotohanang hindi lahat ay handang ipaglaban ang bayan. May mga hindi rin matatag sa laban. Madidiskubre ng mga prayle ang Katipunan dahil sa sigalot at intriga sanhi ng P2 na umento sa isang imprenta. Sa episode na ito, mahahalal na si Andres bilang ikatlong pinuno ng Katipunan. Ilan sa mga bagong Katipon na manunumpa ay mula sa Cavite, kabilang si Emilio Aguinaldo, ang alkalde ng Cavite Viejo. Mayayakap nina Andres at Oriang ang kanilang unang anak na pinangalanan nilang Andres. Pero ipagkakait sa mag-asawa ang kaligayahang makitang lumaki ang batang Andres sa isang malayang bayan na kanilang ipinaglalaban. Agad babawian ng buhay ang sanggol. At sa gitna nito, isang bisita mula sa Kabite ang sasapi sa Katipunan: si Emilio Aguinaldo. Magiging mabuting magkaibigan ang dalawa. Walang babala na makikita si Andres sa magiging wakas ng kanyang pakikipag-kaibigan sa Katipunero mula sa Kabite.
Posted on: Tue, 19 Nov 2013 06:42:20 +0000
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