Advertisement Advertisement Advertisement Advertisement 6. Autobiographies (Life history)7. Interviews, surveys and fieldwork8. Speeches8. Newspaper articles (may also be secondary)9. Government documents10. Photographs and works of art11. Original documents (such as birth certificate or trial transcripts)12. Internet communications on email, and newsgroups 1.4 SECONDARY SOURCES Secondary sources are less easily defined than primary sources. Whatsome define as a secondary source, others define as a tertiary (Comingnext after the second) source. Nor is it always easy to distinguishprimary from secondary sources. For example,• A newspaper article is a primary source if it reports events, but asecondary source if itanalyses and comments on those events.• In science, secondary sources are those which simplify the process of finding andevaluating the primary literature. They tend to be works whichrepackage, reorganize,reinterpret, summarize, index or otherwise add value to the newinformation reported inthe primary literature.Some Definitions of Secondary Sources:1. Describe, interpret, analyze and evaluate the primary sources2. Comment on and discuss the evidence provided by primary sources3. Are works which are written after the fact with the benefit of hindsight? (Understanding the nature of an event after it hashappened)Some examples of secondary sources:1. Bibliographies (may also be tertiary)2. Dictionaries and encyclopedias (may also be tertiary)3. Dissertations (theses) or theses (more usually primary)4. Handbooks and data compilations (may also be tertiary)5. History6. Journal articles, particularly in disciplines other than science (mayalso be primary)7. Newspaper and popular magazine articles (may also be primary)8. Review articles and literature reviews9. Textbooks (may also be tertiary) 1.5 TERTIARY SOURCES This is the most problematic category of all.Some Definitions of Tertiary Sources:1. Works which list primary and secondary resources in a specificsubject area2. Materials in which the information from secondary sources has beendigested -reformatted and condensed, to put it into a convenient, easy-to-readform. 6 3. Sources which are once removed in time from secondary sourcesSome examples of tertiary sources:1. Almanacs (An annual publication including weather forecasts) andfact books2. Bibliographies (may also be secondary)4. Dictionaries and encyclopedias (may also be secondary)5. Guidebooks, manuals etc6. Handbooks and data compilations (may also be secondary)8. Textbooks (may also be secondary) 1.6 CHANGING NEEDS When needs change, requirements for information change. Informationneeds of users are changing as a result of changes in the availability of information content in electronic form. Changing needs of the usersdetermine the nature of the physical form in which information contentis currently being made available for users’ access and use inelectronic information environments. Information needs: • Each user has a different type of information need depending onwhat hes trying to find and why hes trying to find it. If we candetermine the most common information needs a sites users have, wecan select the few best architectural components to address thoseinformation needs.• For example, if a user is designing a staff directory, we can assumethat most users are searching for items they already have informationabout. The user already knows exactly what hes looking for, he hasthe terms necessary to articulate that need, and he knows that thestaff directory exists and that its the right place to look. This type of information need would be best served by employing a search system.So resources should be invested in developing and maintaining acomprehensive search system. 7 Advertisement LESSON 2 AREAS COVERED • Introduction to Organization and • Role of Information in Organization, Management & Strategy What is Organization? Basically, an organization is group of people organized to accomplish anoverall goal. Organizations can range in size from two people to hundreds of thousands -- some people might argue that organizations are even larger.Organizations have an overall goal (or mission) which is usually subdividedinto various other goals (often called strategic goals) that, in total, willachieve the overall goal of the organization.An organization is a structure through which individuals cooperatesystematically to conduct business. It is a collection of people working underpredefined rules and regulations to obtain a set of objectives. It is a stableformal social structure. It takes resources from the environment andprocesses them to produce outputs. 2.1 NEED FOR ORGANIZATION As the volume of business expands, the need for disciplined approach tomanaging operations isrequired. This results in formulation of organizational structures. Theorganizational structures areformulated in order to efficiently manage the business operations. Thismakes the structures a relative term to explain and define. Organizationshave the freedom to chose / evolve the structures which best fits themanagement needs.An organization’s primary aim is to achieve the objective that it lays down foritself and in pursuance of which various actions are undertaken. Suchobjective could be to generate profits or specific socioeconomic culturalobjectives. What ever the objectives are, these activities interrelate and theiroccurrence generate a series of events which helps organization achieve itsgoal. The regular and timely recording of information is critical to the propermanagement of business operations. 2.2 DATA VS. INFORMATION Data represents facts of any kind. In the process of recording importantparticulars of any event, it is the discretion of the management, what shouldbe recorded and how it should be presented. However when this data isprocessed or reformatted, it becomes information. Information is a subset of data which adds to the knowledge.Information should be relevant so th
Posted on: Sun, 23 Mar 2014 16:31:56 +0000
Trending Topics
Recently Viewed Topics
© 2015