Baloch people are native to the Balochistan region in the Iranian plateau. They are an Iranian people and mainly speak Balochi language which itself is a branch of the Iranian languages, and more specifically of the Northwestern Iranian languages. The Baloch-speaking population worldwide is estimated to be in the range of 10 to 15 million. They make up 2% of Irans population (1.5 million), there are many Baloch living in other parts of the world, with the bulk living in the GCC countries of the Persian Gulf. However, the exact number of Baloch and GCC citizens of Balochi ancestry is difficult to determine. About 60% of the Baloch live in East Balochistan, a western province of Pakistan.Around 25% inhabit the eastern province of Sistan and Baluchestan Province in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 35 to 40% Pakistani Sindhis claim Baloch ancestry.and are settled in Sindh and also a significant number of Baloch people in South Punjab of Pakistan. Many of the rest live in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, India, United Arab Emirates and in some parts of Africa, namely Kenya, and Tanzania (Tabora has a large community). Small communities of Baluch people also live in Europe particularly Sweden, Norway, Denmark, England and in Perth, Australia, where they arrived in the 19th century. Origin Baloch have Medes Origin first settlement was in Aleppo /Halab from where they Migrated to Iraq where they remained until, siding the sons of Ali and taking part in the Battle of Karbala, they were expelled by Yazid, the second of the Umayyad Caliphs, in 680 AD. Thence they first went to Kerman, and eventually to Sistan where they were hospitably received by Shams-ud-Din, ruler of that country. According to Dames there was a Shams-ud-Din, independent Malik of Sistan, who claimed descent from the Saffarids of Persia who died in 1164 AD (559 AH) or nearly 500 years after the Baloch migration from Aleppo. Badr-ud-Din appears to be unknown to history. His successor, Badr-ud-Din, demanded, according to eastern usage, a bride from each of the 44 bolaks or clans of the Baloch. But the Baloch race had never yet been tribute in this form to any ruler, and they sent therefore 44 boys dressed in girls clothes and fled before the deception could be discovered. Badr-ud-Din sent the boys back but pursued the Baloch, who had fled south-eastwards, into Kech-Makran where he was defeated at their hands. At this period Mir Jalal Khan, son of Mir Jiand Khan the first, was the ruler of all the Baloch. He left four sons, Rind, Lashar, Hooth, and Korai, and a daughter Jato, who married his nephew Murad. These five are the eponymous founders of the five great divisions of the tribe, the Rinds, Lasharis, Hooths, Korais,Kubras and Jatois. Medes The Medes /midz were an ancient Iranian people.who lived in an area known as Media(northern Iran) and who spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late 2nd millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE. From the 10th to late 7th centuries BCE, the Iranian Medes and Persians fell under the domination of the Neo-Assyrian Empire based in Mesopotamia.After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, between 616 BCE and 605 BCE, a unified Median state was formed, which, together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians and the Scythians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great, who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Persian Achaemenid Empire.The Medes were called anciently by all people Aryans; but when Medea, the Colchian, came to them from Athens, they changed their name. Such is the account which they themselves give. Mir Jalal Khan Mir Jalal Khan son of Jiand, was the ruler and founder of the First Balochi Confederacy. A confederacy which did not last due to political rivalries, but it laid the ground for future attempts at political integration and cohesion among the Baloches. He left four sons, Rind, Lashar, Hooth, Korai, and a daughter Jatoi, who married his nephew Murad. These five are the eponymous founders of the five great divisions of the tribe, the Rinds, Lasharis, Hooths, Korais, and Jatois. Rind had been appointed successor to the Phagh or Royal Turban by his father and proposed to perform the ceremonies and erect an asrokh or memorial canopy. His brother and rival Hooth refused to join him, whereupon the others also refused; each performed the ceremony separately, and there were five asrokhs in Kech. Some of the Balochs joined one and some another, and so the five great tribes were formed. Buledi The Buledi are thought to be named after the town of Buleda in Makran, Balochistan. The term Buledai is derived from (Buli Dehi), meaning residents of deh Bulo, in which the first parent of the Buledais settled in Kalat territory. Many Buldei abide in Jacobabad, Qambar District, Jafarabad District Nawabshah District. Mir Jiand Khan Do not have Any history . Rind Rind are a Baloch tribe settled in the Balochistan province of Iran, and the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. They are descendants of Mir Jalal Khan, the Founder and Ruler of the First Baloch Confederacy in the 12th Century. Mir Jalal Khan is believed to be the Ancestor of the Rinds, Lasharis, Hooths, Korais and Jatois.The Rind tribe led by Mir Chakar Rind had formed powerful coalitions in the mountains of Baluchistan When the Mughal Emperor Humayun was forcefully deposed by Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540 ,The Rind tribe escorted Humayun to meet Shah Tahmasp of Isfahan, and later in 1555 joined Humayuns Qizilbash regiments, Mir Chakar Rind and his son Mir Shahzad Rind fought against Sher Shah Suri and fought against the usurper Sher Shah Suri. and were well rewarded with very large jagirs and family relations when Humayun finally regained the Mughal throne in 1556 with the Help of Mir Chakar Rind along with his 40,000 Baloch warriors. Mir Chakar Rind Also Helped Humayuns Father Babur against Ibrahim Lodi in 1526 . Lashari Lashari is the name of a Baloch tribe in Pakistan and Iran. The Lasharis have migrated and settled in the United Arab Emirates, Afghanistan, Iraq, Indonesia, USA, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Sweden, Saudi Arabia, England, and many other countries of the world. Large population of Lasharis are found around Punjab who settled there for a long time and now identify themselves with the local culture as well. Origins According to the Balochi narration, Lasharis are descended from Qureshi Arabs from the generation of Hazrat Ameer Hamza. The Balochs living in Aleppo, largest city of Syria, were confederates of Hazrat Imam Hussain against Yazid I, second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate. The caliph ejected Hazrat Imam Hussain, so they left Aleppo and migrated to Balochistan. In 1487 a Baloch Kingdom was formed under Mir Chakar Rinds rule, which was later destroyed by a civil war between the Lashari and Rind tribes. Mir Gwahram Khan Lashari and Mir Chakar Khan Rind were leaders of their tribes during the Baloch civil war, the war was going on for 30 years in Gajaan Balochistan. After this war, the Lashari and Rind tribes settled mostly in Sindh, Punjab, and in the Lodhran District Thal Desert (in Muzaffargarh and Layyah District). Layyah district. According to their history, the Lashari tribe migrated with the Jilani Syeds from Baghdad, Iraq to Sindh. Other Lashari tribes are settled in all districts of Sindh Province, specially in districts of Hydarabad, Thata, Badin, Tando Allahiyar, Tando Mohammad Khan, Mattayari, Nawabshah, Naoshero fairoz, Dadu, Khairpur Mirus, Sukkar, Kashmor, Shikarpur, Larkana, Jacubabad,and Kamber Shahdadkot. They are settled in all tehsels of this district, specially many Villages are settled in Tehsel Warah. Hooth Hooth is a Baloch tribe of Balochistan. They are mainly settled in areas of Chabahar, Turbat, Gwadar, Tump, Zhob, Dera Gazi Khan,Dera Ismail KHan and Dasht. Clans of The Hooth are Gopang Gabol Khosa Kalmati Khushk Chandio Korai The Korai, also known as, Kaheri are a Baloch tribe settled in the Balochistan province of Iran, Balochistan Province of Pakistan; Sindh; Punjab provinces of Pakistan; and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharastra, Haryana, and Indian Punjab. Mir Ibrahim Baloch. The tribe is considered to be the progenitor of many Korai Baloch sub tribes, including Aalani, Jamani, Jalalani, Mewtani . They speak Balochi in Balochistan, Sindhi in Sind, and Seraiki Punjabi and Urdu in Punjab. In India they speak local languages, having been settled in India since the time of Mughal emperor Humayun. They descend from Mir Jalal Khan whos considered to be the Ancestor of the Korai, Rinds, Lasharis, Hooths and Jatois. Jatoi or Jat Jatoi or Jat is a Baloch tribe located in Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab provinces of Pakistan, originating in Balochistan. Balochi traditional ballads tells of a leader named Mir Jalal Khan who had four sons, Rind, Lashar, Hot, and Korai, and a daughter Jato, who married his nephew Murad. These five are the eponymous founders of the five great divisions of the tribe, the Rinds, Lasharis, Hooths, Korais, and Jatois. An author wrote in 2008 that they are not now an organised tribe, but found wherever Balochis have spread, i.e, in all the District of the South-West Punjab and as far as Jhang, Shahpur and Lahore.An author wrote in 2008 that they are not now an organised tribe, but found wherever Balochis have spread, i.e, in all the District of the South-West Punjab and as far as Jhang, Shahpur and Lahore. The majority of the Jatois settled in Sindh are in the districts of Shikarpur, Nosheroferoz, Dadu, Larkana, Khairpur Mirs, Sukur, and Jacobabad (Sindh). In Punjab you will find Jatois in Muzzafargarh, Rahimyar Khan,Dera Ghazi Khan. In Balochistan they lie in the areas of Sibi, Kachi and Dadhar. Jatoi was among the sons of father of Baloch Chakar Khan. Jatois brothers are Rindh, Lashar, Korai, Hoth. The main subclans of Jatois are Aterani, Nachrani, Bullo and Misrani. The tribe mostly speaks Seraiki and Sindhi as their first language, a large number of group speaks Balochi.The subclans of Jatoi are Aterani, Nachrani, Perozani, Jafrani, Bullani, Lahorzai, Bullo, Misrani, Kharoos, Kosh, Tarrt, Xangayja, Birhaman. Maka Maka was a satrapy (province) of the Achaemenid Empire and later a satrapy of the Parthian and Sassanian empires (known as Mazun), corresponding to modern day Bahrain, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates, plus the northern half of Oman and also Balochistan and Sindh province of Pakistan. Maka was already a part of the Achaemenid empire before Darius the Great came to power in 522 BC, because its mentioned in the Behistun inscription that it was already there when he inherited the throne. It is possible (because Cambyses and Smerdis are not known to have been there) that it was conquered by Cyrus the Great in 542 BC. He is known to have campaigned on the other side of the Persian Gulf (he seems to have lost most of his army in the Gedrosian Desert). It continued to be a satrapy until Alexanders conquest of Persia, at which point it became independent. According to Herodotus, the Mykians belonged to the same tax district as the Drangians, Thamanaeans, Utians, Sagartians and those deported to the Persian Gulf. Maka is mentioned by Greek historian Herodotus as one of the early satraps of Cyrus the Great, who successfully united several ancient Iranian tribes to create an empire. In the Behistun Inscription, Darius the Great mentions Maka as one of his eastern territories.Darius is recorded to have personally led his elite forces, whose ranks were restricted to those with Persian, Mede or Elamite ancestry, to fight the invading Scythians of Asia and then led the conquests in South Asia. where he conquered Sindh in 519 BC, constituted it as his 20th Satrapy, and made use of the oceans there. Darius wanted to know more about Asia, according to Herodotus; he also wished to know where the Indus (which is the only river save one that produces crocodiles) emptied itself into the sea. Makran Makran is a semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Sindh and Balochistan, in Pakistan and Iran, along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The name Makran derives from Maka, borne by an overlapping satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. Satrap Satrap was the name given to the governors of the provinces of the ancient Median and Achaemenid (Persian) Empires and in several of their successors, such as the Sassanid Empire and the Hellenistic empires. The word satrap is also often used in modern literature to refer to world leaders or governors who are heavily influenced by larger world superpowers or hegemonies and act as their surrogates. Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Empire c. 550–330 BC or First Persian Empire,was an empire in Western and Central Asia, founded in the 6th century BC by Cyrus the Great.The dynasty draws its name from king Achaemenes, who ruled Persis between 705 BC and 675 BC. The empire expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world, which at around 500 BC stretched from the Indus Valley in the east to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads. By the 600s BC, the Persians Parsa had settled in the southwest Iranian plateau, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf; this region came to be their heartland. It was from this region that Cyrus the Great would advance to defeat the Kingdom of Media, the Kingdom of Lydia, and the Babylonian Empire, to form the Achaemenid Empire.At the height of its power after the conquest of Egypt, the empire encompassed approximately 8 million square kilometers. spanning three continents: Asia, Africa and Europe. At its greatest extent, the empire included the modern territories of Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, all significant population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya, Turkey, Thrace and Macedonia, much of the Black Sea coastal regions, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, much of Central Asia, Afghanistan, northern Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and parts of Oman and the UAE.It is noted in Western history as the antagonist foe of the Greek city states. Cyrus the Great Cyrus II of Persia commonly known as Cyrus the Great, also known as Cyrus the Elder, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East,expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia and the Caucasus. From the Mediterranean sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen. His regal titles in full were The Great King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, and King of the Four Corners of the World. Makran Maka was an important early eastern satrapy of Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Makra corresponds to modern day Bahrain, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates, plus the northern half of Oman as well as Balochistan and the Sindh province of Pakistan.The word Maka later became Makran as it is common in closely related ancient Avestan and Old Persian languages to use an and ran at the end of plurals.The Babylonians had also made voyages using Maka to communicate with India. After Cyrus death Darius I of Persia succeeded his throne. According to Greek historian Herodotus, Darius wanted to know more about Asia. He wished to know where the Indus (which is the only river save one that produces crocodiles) emptied itself into the seaAfter personally leading his elite forces, whose ranks were restricted to those with Persian, Mede or Elamite ancestry, to fight the invading Scythians, he led another conquest towards South Asia. where he conquered Sindh in 519 BC and constituted it as his 20th Satrapy and made use of the ocean there. After the fall of Achaemenid Empire, Alexander also used Maka during his conquest and marched through a harsh desert path in Makran where he lost a significant number of soldiers but did not come across any Baloch force during his conquest except some coastal inhabitants. The harsh desert path is often mistaken as the whole of Makran region. Herodotus on several occasions mentions the contribution of Mykian that inhabited the eastern portion of the Achaemenid empire.They are mentioned as the men from Maka in daiva inscriptions. The Daiva inscription is one of the most important of all Achaemenid inscriptions. They also took part in army of Xerxes the Great at the battle of Thermopylae. The Mykians are also thought to be responsible for many inventions like qanats and underground drainage galleries that bring water from an aquifer on the piedmont to the gardens or palm groves on the plains. These inventions were very important reasons behind the success of the empire. The Mykians of the other side of ancient Maka, the present day region of Balochistan and Sindh had later taken independence because they are not mentioned in the book written by Arrian of Nicomedia about campaigns of Alexander the great but he only mentions the Oman side of Maka which he calls Maketa. The reasons for this may have been the arguably unjust rule of Xerxes. Buddhism and Hinduism in the seventh century Further evidence in the Chachnama makes perfectly clear that many areas of Makran as of Sindh had a largely Buddhist population. When Chach marched to Armabil, this town is described as having been in the hands of a Buddhist Samani (Samani Budda), a descendent of the agents of Rai Sahiras who had been elevated for their loyalty and devotion, but who later made themselves independent. The Buddhist chief offered his alligience to Chach when the latter was on his way to Kirman in 631. The same chiefdom of Armadil is referred to by Huen Tsang 0-Tien -p-o-chi-lo, located at the high road running through Makran , and he also describes it as predominantly Buddhist , thinly populated though it was , it had no less than 80 Buddhist convents with about 5000 monks . In effect at eighteen km north west of Las Bela at Gandakahar , near the ruins of an ancient town are the caves of Gondrani, and as their constructions show these caves were undoubtedly Buddhist .Traveling through the Kij valley further west (then under the government of Persia) Huien Tsang saw some 100 Buddhist monasteries and 6000 priests . He also saw several hundred Deva temples in this part of Makran , and in the town of Su-nu li-chi-shi-fa-lo-which is probably Qasrqand- he saw a temple of Maheshvara Deva , richly adorned and sculptured . There is thus very wide extension of Indian cultural forms in Makran in the seventh century , even in the period when it fell under Persian sovereignty . By comparison in more recent times the last place of Hindu pilgrimage in Makran was Hinglaj, 256 km west of present day Karachi in Las Bela Islamic conquest The first Islamic conquest of Makran took place during the Rashidun Caliphate in the year 643 A.D. Caliph Umar’s governor of Bahrain Usman ibn Abu al-Aas, who was on his campaign to conquer the southern coastal areas of Iran send his brother Hakam ibn Abu al-Aas to raid the Makran region, the campaign was not meant for whole scale invasion but merely was a raid to check the potential of the local inhabitants. The raid was successful. In late 644 A.D Caliph Umar sent an army for whole scale invasion of Makkuran under the command of Hakam ibn Amr. Reinforcement from Kufa joined him under the command of Shahab ibn Makharaq and Abdullah ibn Utban, the commander of campaign in Karman, also joined them, no strong resistance was faced by them in Makran until the Hindu King of Rai Kingdom in Sind, along with his army having contingents from Makran and Sind stopped them near River Indus. In mid 644, Battle of Rasil was fought between Radhisun Caliphate and Rai Kingdom where Rajas forces were defeated and retreated to eastern bank of river Indus. Raja’s army included War elephants, and they didn’t make any trouble for the Muslims veterans who handled War elephants during the conquest of Persia. According to the orders of Caliph Umar the war elephants were sold in Islamic Persia and the cash was distributed among the soldiers as a share in booty. In response of Caliph Umar’s question about the Makran region, the Messenger from Makkuran who bring the news of the victory told him: O Commander of the faithful! Its a land where the plains are stony; Where water is scanty; Where the fruits are unsavory Where men are known for treachery; Where plenty is unknown; Where virtue is held of little account; And where evil is dominant; A large army is less for there; And a less army is use less there; The land beyond it, is even worst (referring to Sind) Umar looked at the messenger and said: Are you a messenger or a poet? He replied “Messenger”. Thereupon Caliph Umar, after listening to the unfavorable situations for sending an army instructed Hakim bin Amr al Taghlabi that for the time being Makkuran should be the easternmost frontier of the Islamic empire, and that no further attempt should be made to extend the conquests. It remainned the part of Umayyad Caliphate and Abbasid Caliphate and was also ruled by Muslim Turks, Persians and Afghans. It was conquered by Mongols in 13th century A.D, and in 16th century A.D it became part of Mughal empire, it remained so until it came under the rule of British Empire. Yazid I Yazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān ( 20 July 647 – 14 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate (and the first one through inheritance). Yazid was the Caliph as appointed by his father Muawiyah I and ruled for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE. Battle of Karbala The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10, in the year 61 AH of the Islamic calendar (October 10, 680) in Karbala, present day Iraq. The battle was between a small group of supporters and relatives of Muhammads grandson Hussein ibn Ali, and a much larger military detachment from the forces of Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph, whom Hussein had refused to recognise. Hussein and all his supporters were killed, including Husseins six-month-old infant son, Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn, and the women and children taken as prisoners. The dead are regarded as martyrs by Muslims, and the battle has a central place in Shia history and tradition, and has frequently been recounted in Shia Islamic literature. The Battle of Karbala is commemorated during an annual 10-day period held every Muharram by the Shia and Alevis, as well as many Sunnis, culminating on its tenth day, Ashura. Aleppo Aleppo is the largest city in Syria.Aleppo is the common modern-day English name for the city. It was known in antiquity as Khalpe, Khalibon and to the Greeks and Romans as Beroea (Βέροια). During the Crusades, and again during the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, the name Alep was used: Aleppo is an Italianised version of this. The ancient name of the city, Halab, is also its Arabic name in the modern day. It is of obscure origin. Some have proposed that Halab means iron or copper in Amorite languages since it was a major source of these metals in antiquity. Halaba in Aramaic means white, referring to the colour of soil and marble abundant in the area. Another proposed etymology is that the name Halab means gave out milk, coming from the ancient tradition that Abraham gave milk to travelers as they moved throughout the region. Kerman Province Kerman is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Kerman is in the southeast of Iran with its administrative center in the city of Kerman. Mentioned in ancient times as the Achamenid satrapy of Carmania. Sistan Sistan or Sakastan, is a historical region in modern-day eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province), southern Afghanistan (Nimruz, Kandahar and Zabul) and the Nok Kundi of Balochistan, western Pakistan.Sistan was once the homeland of Sakas, a Scythian tribe of Iranian origin. The Saffarids, one of the early Iranian dynasties of the Islamic era, were originally from Sistan.Sistan derives its name from Sakastan which, on its part, derives from the name of the Saka tribes. The Saka (known as Scythians in Greek sources) began to settle in this region during the Parthian era. The more ancient Old Persian name of the region - prior to Saka dominance - was zaranka (waterland; cf. Pashto dzaranda). This older form is also the root of the name Zaranj, capital of the Afghan Nimruz Province. In the Shahnameh, Sistan is also referred to as Zabulistan, after Zabol, a city in the region. In Ferdowsis epic, Zabulistan is in turn described to be the homeland of the mythological hero Rostam. Zabulistan Zabulistan originally known as Zavolistan, is a historical region based around todays Zabul Province in southern Afghanistan.Zabulistan translates to land of Zabul or land of the Zabuls. The name Zabuls is probably a transliteration of Zunbils, a Hindu and Buddhist dynasty that ruled the area during the Islamic conquest of Afghanistan. Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty in the 16th century, records in Baburnama that the territory south of the Hindu Kush between Kandahar and Ghazni is generally known as Zabulistan. Buddhist and Hindu Shahi period From the 7th century to 11th century, the region was ruled by Shahi kings. Later, it was conquered by the Ghaznavids of Ghazni. Zabulistan or Zabul (Jabala, Kapisha, Kia pi shi) and Kabul, the Arabs were effectively opposed for more than two centuries, from 643 to 870 AD, by the indigenous rulers the Zunbils and the related Kabul-Shahs of the dynasty which became known as the Buddhist-Shahi. With Makran and Baluchistan and much of Sindh this area can be reckoned to belong to the cultural and political frontier zone between India and Persia. It is clear however that in the seventh to the ninth centuries the Zunbils and their kinsmen the Kabulshahs ruled over a predominantly Indian rather than a Persian realm. The Arab geographers, in effect commonly speak of that king of Al Hind ...(who) bore the title of Zunbil
Posted on: Wed, 15 Jan 2014 05:47:32 +0000