CHAPTER # 1 BIOLOGY: The word biology is composed of two Greek words BIOS meaning life and LOGOS meaning discourse or study. Biology is the branch of science which deals with the study of living things called biology. BOTANY: Botany is the branch of biology which deals with the study of plants is called botany. ZOOLOGY: Zoology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of animals is called zoology. MICRO-BIOLOGY: Micro-biology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of micro organisms is called micro-biology. MORPHOLOGY: Morphology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of external structure of plants and animals is called morphology. ANATOMY: Anatomy is the branch of biology which deals with the study of internal structure of plants and animals is called anatomy. HISTOLOGY: Histology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of tissue of living organisms is called histology. CYTOLOGY OR CELL BIOLOGY: Cytology or cell biology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of cell of living organisms is called cytology or cell biology. PHYSIOLOGY: Physiology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of different parts of living organisms is called physiology. ECOLOGY: Ecology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of living organisms with their non livings is called ecology. EMBRYOLOGY: Embryology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of developmental changes which occur after zygote formation up to organism is formed. TAXONOMY: Taxonomy is the branch of biology which deals with the study of identification, naming and classification of organisms in to groups and sub groups is called taxonomy. GENETICS: Genetic is the branch of biology which deals with the study of inheritance including transmission of hereditary material from parent to their off spring is called genetics. PALEONTOLOGY: Paleontology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of plants and animals that lived in remote past and is now found as fossils in rocks, it can be further divided in to two branches pale botany and pale zoology. WATER IS AN ORIGIN OF LIFE ACCORDING TO HOLY QURAN “We made every living thing of water, will they not then believe.” (Surah: Al Anbiya, Ayah: 30) “And Allah has created every animal of water of them is a kind that goes upon its belly and a kind that goes upon four. Allah creates what he wants. Lo! Allah is able to do all things.” (Surah: Al Nur, Ayah: 45) BIOLOGICAL METHOD: A biology method is a scientific method used to resolve biological problems related to living organisms. 1) OBSERVATION: Biological investigation start from an observation, observation is made to collect relevant information for ex: Malaria is a greatest killer disease of man for centuries. In 1878 Laveran studied the blood sample of malaria patient under microscope and observed tiny creatures in it, these were called plasmodium. 2) HYPOTHESIS: I n the light of observed facts and previously collected information biologists make intelligent guesses in a form of a statement is called hypothesis. 3) DEDUCTION: Deduction is the logical explanation of a hypothesis, it does not require any kind of experimentation, If plasmodium is a cause of malaria then all the patient suffering from malaria should have while healthy people should not have malarial parasite. 4) EXPERIMENT: Now here two types of tests conducted one healthy group and other deceased group to find out reality. 5) RESULT: The result verified the deduction and thus the hypothesis, the plasmodium is cause of malaria. 6) THEORY: As more and more evidence come to hand, the hypothesis gain increasing acceptance and eventually is promoted to the rank of theory. MUSLIM SCIENTISTS IN THE FIELD OF BIOLOGY 1) JABIR BIM HAYAN: He was born in 722 A.D and died in 817 A.D, he wrote books named Al-Nabatat and Al-Haywan these books were on plants and animals. 2) ABDUL MALIK ASMAI: He was born in 741 A.D he wrote books Al-Kheil, Al-Ibil, Al-Wahoosh, As-Sha and Khalaqul Insan, describing structure and function of body parts of horses, camels, sheeps, wild animals and human being. Khalaqul Insan was very popular among the western experts in Zoology. 3) ALI BIN RABAN TUBRI: He was born in 775 A.D and died in 870 A.D he wrote a book “Firdus-ul-Hikma” which has many illustrations and detailed articles on facts like physiology, zoology, psychology and astronomy. 4) ABU UMAR USMAN ALJAHIZ: He was well known zoologist of his time, his famous book Al-Haywan which described characteristics of 350 species of animals especially about life of ants. 5) AL FARABI: He was born in 870 A.D and died in 950 A.D he was renowned Hakim and Surgeon of the Islamic world. He wrote two books, “Kitab-i-Nabatiat” and “Kitab-i-Hawaniat” these were on the animals and plants. 6) ABUL QASIM AL ZAHRAVI: He was born in 936 A.D and died in 1004 A.D, he renowned hakim and surgeon of the Islamic World. He was famous for the removal of urinary bladder stone. 7) IBN AL HAITHAM: He was born in 965 A.D and died in 1039 A.D, he was a great optician. He wrote books like “Kitab Manazir” and “Mizanul Hikma.” 8) BU ALI SINA: He was born in 980 A.D; he wrote books “AL QANOON”, “FIL TIB” and “AL- SHIFA” about plants, animals and non living things, he is considered as one of the founder of medicine. 9) ZIA UDIN IBN BAITAR: He was born in 13th century A.D, he traveled to several countries, observed and studied many species of plants. 10) IBN AL NAFEES: He was born in 13th century A.D; he described the blood circulation of human body. 11) KAMAL UD DIN AL DAMIRI: He was great Zoologist of 14th century A.D; he compiled a book “HAYAT AL HAYWAN” in which he described about one thousand kinds of animals. 12) ALI BIN ISA: He was famous biologists of 14th century; he was well known eye specialist. He wrote three volumes on this subject in which he described 130 diseases of the eye. NON MUSLIM SCIENTISTS IN THE FIELD OF BIOLOGY After 15th century, European and other biologists make important contribution in the field of biology. 1) WILLIAM HARVEY: He was born in 1578 A.D and died in 1657 A.D; he described the circulation and path way of blood in the human body. 2) GALILO: He was born in 1610 A.D, He invented microscope to examine small organisms. 3) ROBBERT HOOK: He discovered the basic unit of living organisms “Cell”. 4) LINNAEUS: He was born in 1707 A.D and died in 1778 A.D, He is also known as the “father of taxonomy” he developed methods of classification for organisms and gives nomenclature. 5) SCHLEIDEN AND SCHAWAN: These are biologists, they worked on the detailed structure of plants and animals cell finally formed cell theory. 6) LOUIS PASTURE: He discovered bacteria as cause of many diseases like tuberculosis. 7) E. JENNAR: He discovered method of vaccination against small pox. 8) CHARLES DARWIN: He wrote a book “Origin of species”, He put forward the theory of evolution. 9) GREGOR JOHN MENDAL: He proposed law of heredity called Mendel’s laws of inheritance. 10) WATSON AND CRICK: These biologists worked on the basic unit of life cell and discovered “double helix” model of DNA and proved the DNA is a structure which is present in every organisms. WRITTEN BY: RIZWAN HUSSAIN JATOI. CELL# 03113574023. (THE END)
Posted on: Sat, 04 Oct 2014 11:05:45 +0000
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