Carbohydrate metabolism Blood glucose- 5 == Regulation of blood glucose; Insulin actions Insulin is an anabolic hormone which regulates carbohydrate, lipid, protein metabolism as well as protein synthesis. Insulin stimulates uptake of glucose from the blood by extrahepatic tissues. Insulin inhibits glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis). Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis). Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, triacylglycerols and cholesterol synthesis. Insulin inhibits lipolysis. -- Anabolic actions of insulin Insulin increases amino acid transport into cells. Insulin modulates transcription, altering the cell content of numerous mRNAs. Insulin stimulates growth, DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis and cell division, These effects of insulin is in common with the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and relaxin. Insulin counters the actions of a number of hyperglycemia-generating hormones (glucagon, epinephrine, ACTH, glucocorticoids ..). Insulin is the main hormone which maintains low blood glucose levels. -- Insulin actions, enzyme level Insulin acts as an inducer of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes: ** Glucokinase ** Phosphofructokinase-I. ** Pyruvate kinase ** Glycogen synthase. Insulin acts as an inducer of lipid metabolizing enzymes: ** Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ** Fatty acid synthase ** Lipoprotein lipase. Insulin is a potent repressor of: ** Pyruvate carboxylase ** Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase ** Glucose-6-phosphatase ** Hormone sensitive lipase
Posted on: Fri, 29 Nov 2013 18:01:14 +0000
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