Déjà vu: Biblical & Historical Accounts. Origin: [Book of Judges] - Eternally Cycle The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, known primarily from the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomons son, Rehoboam, in c. 930 BCE the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south. Israelite tribes previously lived as a confederation under ad hoc charismatic leaders called Judges. Abimelech was the first to be declared king by the men of Shechem and the house of Millo,[7] and reigned over Israel for three years before he was killed during the Battle of Thebez. According to the biblical account, the united monarchy was formed when there was a large popular expression in favour of introducing a king to rule over the previously decentralised Israelite tribal confederacy. Increasing pressure from the Philistines and other neighboring tribes is said by the Bible to have forced the Israelites to unite as a more singular state when Samuel anointed Saul from the tribe of Benjamin as the first king. The Bible treats the notion of kingship as having been an anathema at the time, it being seen as one man put in a position of reverence and power, which in their faith was reserved for God. - (Origin): According to the Book of Judges, the Israelite tribes previously lived as a confederation under ad hoc charismatic leaders called Judges. Abimelech was the first to be declared king by the men of Shechem and the house of Millo,[7] and reigned over Israel for three years before he was killed during the Battle of Thebez. According to the biblical account, the united monarchy was formed when there was a large popular expression in favour of introducing a king to rule over the previously decentralised Israelite tribal confederacy. Increasing pressure from the Philistines and other neighboring tribes is said by the Bible to have forced the Israelites to unite as a more singular state when Samuel anointed Saul from the tribe of Benjamin as the first king. The Bible treats the notion of kingship as having been an anathema at the time, it being seen as one man put in a position of reverence and power, which in their faith was reserved for God. (Civil war) According to the Second Book of Samuel, due to his disobedience to God, Sauls reign was curtailed and his kingdom given to another dynasty. The Masoretic Text says that Saul ruled for only two years, although this is improbable.[9] The Bible portrays Saul as having died in battle against the Philistines. David and Saul had earlier become bitter enemies, at least from Sauls point of view, although the sources describe Jonathan, Sauls son, and Michal, Sauls daughter, as assisting David to escape Saul, ultimately leading to brief reconciliation before Sauls death. Sauls heir, Ishbaal, took over rulership of Israel but, according to Samuel, ruled for only two years before he was assassinated. David, who had become king of Judah only, ended the conspiracy, and was appointed king of Israel in Ishbaals place. A number of textual critics and biblical scholars have suggested that David was actually responsible for the assassination, and Davids innocence was a later invention to legitimize his actions.[10] Israel rebels, according to Samuel, and appoints Davids son Absalom as their new king. The Bible then describes Israel as taking over Judah and ultimately forcing David into exile east of the Jordan. According to the increasing majority of archaeologists, this isnt so much a case of rebellion by Israel against a mighty kingdom, but more a case of Israel re-asserting its authority over a poor, rural, sparsely populated, backwater.[citation needed] This section of the biblical text, and the bulk of the remainder of the Books of Samuel, is thought by textual critics to belong to a single large source known as the Court History of David. Although reflecting the political bias of the later kingdom of Judah after Israels destruction, the source is somewhat more neutral than the pro and anti monarchical sources that form earlier parts of the text. Israel and Judah are portrayed in this source as quite distinct kingdoms. Eventually, according to the Book of Samuel, David launches a counter-attack, and wins, although with the loss of Absalom. After having retaken Judah, as well as asserted control over Israel, David returns to the west of the Jordan, although he continues to suffer a number of rebellions by Israel, successfully suppressing each one. - (The Golden Age) It was David who, following the civil war with Saul, creates a strong and unified Israelite monarchy, reigning from c. 1000-961 BCE.[11] Solomon, Davids successor, maintained the unified monarchy, c. 961-922. David, the third King of Israel, established Jerusalem as its national capital in 1006 BCE.[12] Before then, Hebron had been the capital of Davids Judah and Mahanaim of Ish-baals Israel, and before that Gibeah had been the capital of the United Monarchy under Saul. David embarked on successful military campaigns against Israels enemies, and defeated nearby regional entities such as the Philistines, thus creating secure borders for Israel. Under David, Israel grew into a regional power. Under the House of David, the United Monarchy achieved prosperity and superiority over its neighbours. Under Davids successor, Solomon, the United Monarchy experienced a period of peace and prosperity, and cultural development. Much public building took place, including the First Temple in Jerusalem. In the biblical account, David finally succeeds in truly unifying Judah and Israel. Some modern archaeologists believe there was a continued and uninterrupted existence of two distinct cultures and geographic entities, one being Judah, the other Israel, and if there was a political union it possibly had no practical effect on the relationship between the two nations. David embarked on successful military campaigns against Judahs and Israels enemies, and defeated bitter foes such as the Philistines, thus creating secure borders. Under King David, Israel grew from Kingdom to Empire, and its sphere of influence – militarily and politically – in the Middle East expanded greatly, controlling a number of weaker client states like Philistia, Moab, Edom, Ammon, with a number of Aramaean city-states (Aram-Zobah and Aram-Damascus) becoming vassal states; the imperial border stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arabian Desert, from the Red Sea to the Euphrates River. According to the biblical account, the empire had a large land area. Some modern archaeologists believe that the area under the control of Judah and Israel in this era, excluding the Phoenician territories on the shore of the Mediterranean, did not exceed 34,000 square kilometres (13,000 sq mi); of these, the kingdom of Israel encompassed about 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi). King David established Jerusalem as Israels national capital; before then, Hebron had been the capital of Davids Judah and Mahanaim of Ishbaals Israel, and before that Gibeah had been the capital under Saul. Earlier parts of the Bible indicate that Shiloh had been seen as the national capital; which, from an archaeological standpoint, is considered plausible, as far as it being the religious capital. David was succeeded on his death by his son, Solomon, who obtained the kingdom in a somewhat disreputable manner from the rival claimant, his elder brother Adonijah, whom he later had killed. Living up to his name (peace), the rule of Solomon was one in which the nation knew unprecedented peace. David and Solomon are both portrayed by the Bible as having entered into strong alliances with the King of Tyre. In return for ceding land to Tyre, David and Solomon are said to have received a number of master craftsmen, skilled labourers, money, jewels, cedar, and other goods. Davids Palace and Solomons Temple are described as having been built with the assistance of these Tyrian assets, as well as to designs given by architects from Tyre. Solomon is said to have rebuilt a number of major cities, including Megiddo, Hazor, and Gezer; these have been excavated and some scholars attributed elements of the archaeological remains, such as six chambered gates and ashlar palaces, to this building programme. However later excavation teams at Meggido have made it clear that these structures are from different and later time periods. Yigael Yadin subsequently concluded that the stables that were once believed to have served the vast collection of horses that Solomon is believed to have kept, were actually built by King Ahab in the 9th century BCE.[14] - End of the United Monarchy: Main articles: Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) and Kingdom of Judah Following Solomons death in c. 926 BCE, tensions between the northern part of Israel containing the ten northern tribes, and the southern section dominated by Jerusalem and the southern tribes reached boiling point. When Solomons successor Rehoboam dealt tactlessly with economic complaints of the northern tribes, in about 930 BCE (there are difference of opinion as to the actual year) the united Kingdom of Israel and Judah split into two kingdoms: the northern Kingdom of Israel, which included the cities of Shechem and Samaria, and the southern Kingdom of Judah, which contained Jerusalem; with most of the non-Israelite provinces achieving independence. The Kingdom of Israel (or Northern Kingdom, or Samaria) existed as an independent state until 722 BCE when it was conquered by the Assyrian Empire, while the Kingdom of Judah (or Southern Kingdom) existed as an independent state until 586 BCE when it was conquered by the Babylonian Empire. - (Chronology) Many alternative chronologies have been suggested, and there is no ultimate consensus between the different factions and scholarly disciplines concerned with this period, as to when it began or when it ended.[15][16][17] Most historians follow either of the older chronologies established by William F. Albright or Edwin R. Thiele, or the newer chronology of Gershon Galil, all of which are shown below. All dates are BCE. Thieles chronology generally corresponds with Galils chronology below with a difference of at most one year. - Kingdom of Israel ← 1050 BCE–930 BCE → → Capital Gibeah (1030–1010 BCE) Mahanaim (1010–1008) Hebron (1008–1003) Jerusalem (1003–930) Government Hereditary theocratic absolute monarchy King - 1050–1010 BCE Saul - 1010–1008 Ishbaal - 1008–970 David - 970–931 Solomon - 931–930 Rehoboam Historical era Iron Age - King Saul 1050 BCE - King Solomon 930 BCE Today part of Israel West Bank Jordan Syria Lebanon Egypt - Judges 3:30 - So Moab was subdued that day under the hand of Israel. And the land had rest fourscore years.
Posted on: Sat, 27 Dec 2014 08:12:36 +0000
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