For Roman Catholic views and prayers, see Saint Michael (Roman Catholic). Michael Mikharkhangel.jpg A 13th-century Byzantine icon from Saint Catherines Monastery, Mount Sinai Archangel Born before the world began Died aeviternal Honored in Anglicanism, Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Islam, Judaism Canonized pre-congregation Feast November 8 (New Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches) / November 21 (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches), September 29 (Michaelmas); May 8; many other local and historical feasts Attributes Archangel; Treading on a dragon; carrying a banner, scales, and sword Patronage Guardian of the Catholic Church;[1] Kiev, Guardian of Vatican City;[2] protector of the Jewish people,[3] police officers,[4] military, grocers, mariners, paratroopers[5] Michael (Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל (pronounced [ˌmixäˈʔel]), Michael or Mîkhāēl; Greek: Μιχαήλ, Mikhaḗl; Latin: Michael (in the Vulgate Michahel); Arabic: ميخائيل, Mīkhāīl) is an archangel in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic teachings. Roman Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, Anglicans, and Lutherans refer to him as Saint Michael the Archangel and also as Saint Michael. Orthodox Christians refer to him as the Taxiarch Archangel Michael or simply Archangel Michael. In Hebrew, Michael means who is like God?. Michael is mentioned three times in the Book of Daniel, once as a great prince who stands up for the children of your people. The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy. In the New Testament Michael leads Gods armies against Satans forces in the Book of Revelation, where during the war in heaven he defeats Satan. In the Epistle of Jude Michael is specifically referred to as an archangel. Christian sanctuaries to Michael appeared in the 4th century, when he was first seen as a healing angel, and then over time as a protector and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil. By the 6th century, devotions to Archangel Michael were widespread both in the Eastern and Western Churches. Over time, teachings on Michael began to vary among Christian denominations. Contents 1 Scriptural references 1.1 Hebrew Bible 1.2 New Testament 1.3 Quran 2 Religious traditions 2.1 Judaism 2.1.1 Midrash 2.2 Christianity 2.2.1 Early Christian views and devotions 2.2.2 Catholicism 2.2.3 Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy 2.2.4 Protestant views 2.2.5 Jehovahs Witnesses 2.2.6 Seventh-day Adventists 2.2.7 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2.2.8 Esoteric Traditions 3 Islam 4 Feasts 5 Patronages and orders 6 Major shrines 7 Legends 7.1 Judaism 7.2 Christendom 7.3 Islam 8 Art and literature 8.1 In literature 8.2 Artistic depictions 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Scriptural references Hebrew Bible Guido Renis Michael (in Santa Maria della Concezione church, Rome, 1636) tramples Satan. A mosaic of the same painting decorates St. Michaels Altar in St. Peters Basilica. In the Hebrew Scriptures, and hence in the Old Testament, the prophet Daniel experiences a vision after having undergone a period of fasting. In the vision in Daniel 10:13-21 an angel identifies Michael as the protector of Israel. Daniel refers to Michael as a prince of the first rank.[6] Later in the vision in Daniel 12:1 Daniel is informed about the role of Michael during the Time of the End when there will be distress such as has not happened from the beginning of nations and that:[7] At that time Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise. In view of this, Michael is seen as playing an important role as the protector of Israel, and later of the Christian Church. Although the three occurrences of Michael in the Book of Daniel 10:13, 10:21 and 12:1 all refer to the same individual, who acts in similar ways in all three cases, the last one is set at the end times, while the first two refer to local time in Persia.[8] These are the only three references to Michael in the Hebrew Bible.[9] The references to the captain of the host of the Lord encountered by Joshua in the early days of his campaigns in the Promised Land (Joshua 5:13-15) have at times been interpreted as Michael the Archangel, but there is no theological basis for that assumption, given that Joshua then worshiped this figure, and angels are not to be worshiped. Some scholars also point that the figure may refer to God himself.[10][11] In the book of Joshuas account of the fall of Jericho, Joshua looked up and saw a man standing in front of him with a drawn sword in his hand. When the still unaware Joshua asks which side of the fight the Archangel is on, the response was, neither...but as commander of the army of the Lord I have now come. New Testament The Book of Revelation (12:7-9) describes a war in heaven in which Michael, being stronger, defeats Satan:[12] ...there was war in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back. But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. After the conflict, Satan is thrown to earth along with the fallen angels, where he (that ancient serpent called the devil) still tries to lead the whole world astray.[12] Separately, in the Epistle of Jude 1:9 Michael is specifically referred to as an archangel when he again confronts Satan:[13] Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses A reference to an archangel also appears in the First Epistle to the Thessalonians 4:16 ... the Lord himself shall descend from heaven, with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first (American Standard Version of 1901, a version that uses the definite article, the archangel, absent in the original Greek and in English translations (such as the English Standard Version of 2001, which has: the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God). This archangel who heralds the second coming of Christ is not named,[13] but is probably Michael.[14] Quran Michael (Arabic: ميخائيل, Mikhail ميكائيل, Mikael ), is one of the two archangels mentioned in the Quran, alongside Jibreel (Gabriel). In the Quran, Michael is mentioned once only, in Sura 2:98: Whoever is an enemy to God, and His angels and His messengers, and Jibreel and Mikhail! Then, God (Himself) is an enemy to the disbelievers.[15] Some Muslims believe that the reference in Sura 11:69 is Michael, one of the three angels who visited Abraham.[15] Religious traditions Judaism According to rabbinic Jewish tradition, Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (cf. Daniel 10:13) and particularly with the angel Samael, Israels accuser. Michaels enmity with Samael dates from the time when the latter was thrown down from heaven. Samael took hold of the wings of Michael, whom he wished to bring down with him in his fall; but Michael was saved by God.[16][17] Michael is also said to have had a dispute with Samael over the soul of Moses.[18] Michael in Hebrew The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy. There were two prayers written beseeching him as the prince of mercy to intercede in favor of Israel: one composed by Eliezer ha-Kalir, and the other by Judah ben Samuel he-Hasid. But appeal to Michael seems to have been more common in ancient times. Thus Jeremiah is said to have addressed a prayer to him.[19] When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to Gabriel.[20] The rabbis declare that Michael entered upon his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Thus, according to Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob, it was Michael who rescued Abraham from the furnace into which he had been thrown by Nimrod (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). It was Michael, the one that had escaped (Genesis 14:13), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from being defiled by Abimelech. He announced to Sarah that she would bear a son and he rescued Lot at the destruction of Sodom.[21] Midrash It is said that Michael prevented Isaac from being sacrificed by his father by substituting a ram in his place, and saved Jacob, while yet in his mothers womb, from being killed by Samael.[22] Later Michael prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, xxxvi). It was Michael who wrestled with Jacob and who afterward blessed him.[23] The midrash Exodus Rabbah holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of the Exodus also, when Satan (as an adversary) accused the Israelites of idolatry and declared that they were consequently deserving of death by drowning in the Red Sea. Michael is also said to have destroyed the army of Sennacherib.[24] Christianity Early Christian views and devotions Statue of Archangel Michael at the University of Bonn, slaying Satan as a dragon; Quis ut Deus is inscribed on his shield The early Christians regarded some of the martyrs, such as Saint George and Saint Theodore, as military patrons; but to St Michael they gave the care of their sick and he was first venerated as a healer in Phrygia (modern-day Turkey).[25] The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Saint Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the Michaelion built in the early 4th century by Emperor Constantine at Chalcedon, on the site of an earlier Temple called Sosthenion.[9] A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated Licinius near there in 324, eventually leading to the standard iconography of Archangel Michael as a warrior saint slaying a dragon.[9] The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in Eastern Christianity which spread devotions to the Archangel.[26] In the 4th century, Saint Basil the Greats homily (De Angelis) placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called Archangel because he is the prince of the other angels.[25] Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome, when after a plague the sick slept at night in the church of Castel SantAngelo (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.[25][27] In the 6th century the growth of devotions to the saint in the Western Church was manifested by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the Leonine Sacramentary. The 7th century Gelasian Sacramentary included the feast S. Michaelis Archangeli, as did the 8th century Gregorian Sacramentary.[25] Some of these documents refer to a no longer extant Basilica Archangeli on via Salaria in Rome.[25] The angelology of Pseudo-Dionysius which was widely read as of the 6th century gave Michael a rank in the celestial hierarchy.[25] Later, in the 13th century, others such as Bonaventure believed that he is the prince of the Seraphim, the first of the nine angelic orders. According to Saint Thomas Aquinas (Summa Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.[25] Catholicism For Roman Catholic views and prayers, see Saint Michael (Roman Catholic). Archangel Michael reaching to save souls in purgatory, by Jacopo Vignali, 17th century Catholics often refer to Michael as Holy Michael, the Archangel[28] or Saint Michael, a title that does not indicate canonisation. He is generally referred to in Christian litanies as Saint Michael, as in the Litany of the Saints. In the shortened version of this litany used in the Easter Vigil, he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting Saint Gabriel and Saint Raphael.[29] In the Roman Catholic teachings Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.[30] His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heavens forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.[31] He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the spiritual warrior, with the conflict against evil at times viewed as the battle within.[32] The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, Michael is the angel of death, carrying the souls of all the deceased to heaven. In this role, at the hour of death, Michael descends and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing, thus consternating the devil and his minions. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls in his perfectly balanced scales (hence Michael is often depicted holding scales).[33] In his fourth role, St Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the Church; it was thus not unusual for the angel to be revered by the military orders of knights during the Middle Ages. This role also extends to his being the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.[34][35] Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the Prayer to Saint Michael which specifically asks for the faithful to be defended by the saint.[36][37][38] The Chaplet of Saint Michael consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.[39][40] It should be noted that the Roman Catholic traditions and teachings concerning St. Michael the Archangel are not required beliefs and practices but rather are strongly encouraged as a means of individuals and congregations increasing in spiritual strength against evil. Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy Archangel Michael statue Kiev, Ukraine, where he is the patron saint.[41] The Eastern Orthodox accord Michael the title Archistrategos, or Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts.[42] The Eastern Orthodox pray to their guardian angels and above all to Michael and Gabriel.[43] The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels, and the trend continues to date with the term Bodiless Powers applied to them.[44] A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.[44] Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.[45] In many Eastern Orthodox icons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.[45] In Russia many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael, and most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.[46][47] The place of Michael in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is as a saintly intercessor, where he is seen as the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each month.[48] In Alexandria, a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of Baunah. On the 12th of the month of Hathor is the celebration of Michaels appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.[49] Protestant views Statue at St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg Many Protestant Christians (excluding Anglicans) do not call upon the intercession of saints.[50] However, an unofficial Anglican prayer of preparation before Mass includes a confession to Michael the Archangel as well as other saints such as John the Baptist.[51] Protestant denominations generally recognize only two archangels, Michael and Gabriel, usually emphasizing Michael, unlike Judaism, Roman Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy which may at times recognize seven (and in rare cases eight) archangels, with Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael generally regarded with an elevated status, e.g. being the only archangels honored by name in Catholicism.[52][53] Some early Protestant scholars[citation needed] identified Michael with the pre-incarnate Christ, basing their view, partly on the juxtaposition of the child and the archangel in Revelation 12, and partly on the attributes ascribed to him in Daniel.[14] Similarly in 1751 Anglican bishop Robert Clayton held that Michael was the Logos and Gabriel the Holy Spirit, an extreme position which resulted in his prosecution, just before he died.[54] Michael continues to be recognized among Protestants by key churches dedicated to him, e.g. St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg, a famous Lutheran Church which appears on the coins of the European Union.[55] At Bachs time, the annual feast of Michael and all the angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the chorale cantata Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130 in 1724. Jehovahs Witnesses See also: Jehovahs Witnesses beliefs about Jesus Jehovahs Witnesses believe Michael to be another name for Jesus Christ in heaven, in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.[56] They say the definite article at Jude 9—referring to Michael the archangel—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Jesus, described at 1 Thessalonians 4:16 as descending with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet.[57][58][59] They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1 and Revelation 12:7, 19:14, 16, are identical to Jesus roles, which are the one chosen to lead Gods people and as the one who stands up, identifying them as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all Gods heavenly sons, Gods chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating Gods sovereignty, sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting Gods covenant people on earth.[60] Jehovahs Witnesses also identify Michael with the Angel of the Lord who led the Israelites in the wilderness.[61] Seventh-day Adventists See also: Seventh-day Adventist beliefs about Michael and Pre-existence of Christ Archangel Michael defeating evil, at the St. Michaels Church, Vienna. Seventh-day Adventists believe that Michael is another name for the Heavenly Christ, and another name for the Word-of-God (as in John 1) before he became incarnate as Jesus. Archangel (meaning Chief of the Angels) was the leadership position held by the Word-of-God as Michael while among the angels. According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the eternal Word, and not a created being or created angel, and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.[62] Seventh-day Adventists believe the name Michael is significant in showing who it is, just as Immanuel (which means God with us) is about who Jesus is. They believe that name Michael signifies one who is God and that as the Archangel or chief or head of the angels he led the angels and thus the statement in Revelation 12:7-9 identifies Jesus as Michael.[63] Seventh-day Adventists believe that Michael is but one of the many titles applied to the Son of God, the second person of the Godhead. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.[64] In support of the Seventhy-day Adventist belief Michael is also the commander of Gods army which helped Joshua son of Nun to lead Israel in to conquering Jericho [Joshua 5:14 And he said, Nay; but as captain of the host of the LORD am I now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto him, What saith my Lord unto his servant?] In the Seventh-day Adventist view, the statement in 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18: For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven, with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God identifies Jesus as Archangel, which is Michael.[65] And the Seventh-day Adventists believe that John 5:25-29 also confirms that Jesus and Michael are the same.[65] The earlier Protestant scholars usually identified Michael with the preincarnate Christ, finding support for their view, not only in the juxtaposition of the child and the archangel in Revelation 12, but also in the attributes ascribed to him in Daniel [66] Seventh-day Adventists believe there is and can only be one archangel and that one Archangel is named Michael and yet in Scripture is shown as doing what also applies to Christ even from the beginning, so is Christ preincarnate. There was a perception that Adventists were relegating Jesus to something less than divine or less than God but that is not valid since Seventh-day Adventism theology teaches and is expressly Trinitarian.[67][68] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints See also: Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Latter-day Saints (also known informally as Mormons) believe that Michael is Adam, the Ancient of Days (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family and that Michael assisted Jehovah (the heavenly form of Jesus Christ) in the creation of the world under the direction of God the Father and cast Satan out of heaven.[69][70][71][72] Esoteric Traditions The French occultist, Eliphas Levi, the German philosopher Franz von Baader, and the Theosophist Louis Claude de St. Martin spoke of 1879 as the year in which Michael overcame the dragon. This is confirmed by the esoteric writer Rudolf Steiner in a lecture in Zurich on November 13, 1917, where he states: in 1879, in November, a momentous event took place, a battle of the Powers of Darkness against the Powers of Light, ending in the image of Michael overcoming the Dragon.[73] Islam The Quran mentions Michael together with Gabriel in the sura Al-Baqara: Whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and messengers, to Gabriel and Michael,- Lo! Allah is an enemy to those who reject Faith. —Quran, sura 2 (Al-Baqara) ayat 97-98[74] In Sunni Islam, Michael will be sent to bring a handful of Earth, but the Earth will not want to yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn. This is articulated by Al-Thalabi whose narrative states that God will tell Earth that some will obey him and others not.[75] The Ahmadiyya movement believes in Michael along with other angels such as Gabriel. They are called Malaikah and are described as spiritual beings who obey Allahs command.[76] Feasts In the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, Anglican Calendar of Saints, and the Lutheran Calendar of Saints, the archangels feast is celebrated on Michaelmas Day, September 29. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Gabriel, and Raphael as the Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, Archangels (General Roman Calendar) or the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels (Church of England).[77] In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Michaels principal feast day is November 8 (those that use the Julian calendar celebrate it on what in the Gregorian calendar is now November 21), honoring him along with the rest of the Bodiless Powers of Heaven (i.e. angels) as their Supreme Commander, and the Miracle at Chonae is commemorated on September 6.[78][79] In the calendar of the Church of England diocese of Truro, May 8 is the feast of St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall. The archangel St. Michael is one of the three patron saints of Cornwall.[80] Patronages and orders In late medieval Christianity, Michael, together with Saint George, became the patron saint of chivalry and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics, and the military.[35][81] Coat of arms of Kiev In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in Western Christendom without an order of knighthood.[82] Later in the 15th century, Jean Molinet glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved.[83] Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first chivalric order of France, the Order of Saint Michael of 1469.[82] In the British honours system, a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the Order of St Michael and St George.[84] The Order of Michael the Brave is Romanias highest military decoration. Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.[85] Based on the legend of his 8th century apparition at Mont-Saint-Michel, France, the Archangel is the patron of mariners in this famous sanctuary.[25] After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.[25] Since the victorious Battle of Lechfeld against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the Holy Roman Empire and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German speaking regions formerly covered by the realm. He has been the patron saint of Brussels since the Middle Ages.[86] The city of Arkhangelsk in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capital Kiev also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.[41] An Anglican sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the Community of St Michael and All Angels was founded in 1851.[87] The Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel (CSMA), also known as the Michaelite Fathers, is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. Major shrines St. Michaels Golden-Domed Monastery in Kiev (Ukraine). For a larger gallery (and hence a structured list) of church images, please see: Saint Michael church gallery. Sacra di San Michele (Saint Michaels Abbey), near Turin, Italy St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral, in Brussels, Belgium Mont Saint-Michel, Normandy, France - a World Heritage Site St. Michaels Cathedral (Toronto), Canada St. Michaels Cathedral (Izhevsk), Russia St. Michaels Cathedral, Qingdao, China Chudov Monastery in the Moscow Kremlin Archangel Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin - a World Heritage Site Monte SantAngelo sul Gargano, Gargano, Italy - a World Heritage Site St Michaels Mount, Cornwall, UK St. Michaels Basilica, Miramichi, Canada Skellig Michael, off the Irish west coast - a World Heritage Site St Michaels Cathedral, Coventry, UK St. Michaels Golden-Domed Monastery, Kiev, Ukraine Basilica of St. Michael the Archangel (Pensacola, Florida), United States St Michaels Church in Vienna, Austria Basilica of St Michael the Archangel, Tayabas, Quezon, Philippines Saint Michaels church, Berlin, Germany St. Michaels Church, Munich St. Michaels Cathedral in Belgrade, Serbia Legends Judaism There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the Copts, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring Nebuchadnezzar (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.[88] According to midrash Genesis Rabbah, Michael saved Hananiah and his companions from the Fiery furnace.[89] Michael was active in the time of Esther: The more Haman accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven.[90] It was Michael who reminded Ahasuerus that he was Mordecais debtor;[91] and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest Hyrcanus, promising him assistance.[92] Christendom A 12th-century icon of the Miracle at Chonae, from Saint Catherines Monastery, Mount Sinai. The Orthodox Church celebrates the Miracle at Chonae on September 6.[25] The legend states that the pagans directed a stream against the sanctuary of St Michael to destroy it, but Archippus (the custodian) prayed to Michael, the archangel appeared and split the rock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church and sanctifying forever the waters which came from the new gorge.[25] The spring which came forth after this event is said to have special healing powers.[93] The legend existed in earlier times, but the 5th-7th century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for properly approaching angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.[94] There is a late 5th century legend in Cornwall, UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on St Michaels Mount.[95] According to author Richard Freeman Johnson this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.[95] Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants[96] and that King Arthur battled a giant there.[97] Castel SantAngelo in Rome, with Michaels statue atop. The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on Monte Gargano in Italy gained a following among the Lombards in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.[98] The Roman Breviary then recorded it on May 8, the date on which the Lombards attributed their 663 victory over the Greek Neopolitan to the intercession of the Archangel.[25] The Sanctuary of Monte SantAngelo at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site. According to Roman legends, while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the mausoleum of Hadrian, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope St Gregory I the Great (c. 590-604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum Castel SantAngelo (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.[25][27] The Mont-Saint-Michel in Normandy, France According to Norman legend, Michael is said to have appeared to St Aubert, Bishop of Avranches, in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as Mont Saint-Michel.[99][100][101] In 966 the Duke of Normandy commissioned a Benedictine abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.[101] A Portuguese Carmelite nun, Antónia dAstónaco, had reported an apparition and private revelation of the Archangel Michael who had told to this devoted Servant of God, in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous Chaplet of Saint Michael. This private revelation and prayers were approved by Pope Pius IX in 1851.[102][103] From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of Archangel Michael in the small village of Garabandal, Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the Virgin Mary. The Catholic Church has neither approved nor condemned the Garabandal apparitions.[104] Islam In Islam,[105] Mikail (Michael) provides nourishments for bodies and souls. Mikail is often depicted as the archangel of mercy who is responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life. Art and literature In literature In the English epic poem Paradise Lost by John Milton, Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of Satan. Armed with a sword from Gods armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.[106] Artistic depictions Main article: Archangel Michael in Christian art Early 20th-century Russian icon of the 7 Holy Angels, with Michael in the front. Most Jewish teachings interpret the Second Commandment as against the use of graven images as visual art.[107] Islamic arts focus on calligraphy, rather than painting and sculpture, similarly derives from the association of idolatry with the depiction of human or angelic forms.[108][109] In Christian art, Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as Gabriel. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at Notre Dame de Mortain church in France.[110] The widely reproduced image of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, an icon of the Cretan school, depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Gabriel on the right side of Mary and Jesus.[111] In many depictions Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.[25] The shield may bears the Latin inscription Quis ut Deus.[112] He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.[25] The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when Emperor Constantine defeated Licinius at the Battle of Adrianople in 324 AD, not far from the Michaelion a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.[9] Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan, and associated him with the serpent described in the Book of Revelation (12:9).[113] After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent - a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard iconography of Archangel Michael as a warrior saint.[9] In other depictions Michael may be holding a pair of scales in which he weighs the souls of the departed and may hold the book of life (as in the Book of Revelation), to show that he takes part in the judgment.[25][110] However this form of depiction is less common than the slaying of the dragon.[110] Michelangelo depicted this scene on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel.[114] In Byzantine art Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary, rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the Day of Judgement.[115] Andrei Rublevs standalone depiction c. 1408 Michael (left) with archangels Raphael and Gabriel, by Botticini, 1470 Weighing souls on Judgement Day by Hans Memling, 15th century Michael defeating the fallen angels, by Luca Giordano c. 1660–65 Bronze statue of Archangel Michael, standing on top of the Castel SantAngelo, modelled in 1753 by Peter Anton von Verschaffelt (1710–1793). See also Portal icon Saints portal Biblical cosmology San Michele Archangel Michael in Christian art St. Gabriel the Archangel Angels in Islam Angelus Fleur de lys List of names referring to El Seraph Angel of the Lord Hierarchy of angels Christian angelic hierarchy References Jump up ^ Alban Butler, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117 Jump up ^ Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel. news.va. Retrieved 2013-07-05. Jump up ^ Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1. Biblegateway. Retrieved 2010-07-21. Jump up ^ St. Michael, Patron Saint of Police Officers. Jcpdes. Retrieved 2012-12-27. Jump up ^ St. Michael, the Archangel - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online. Catholic.org. Retrieved 2012-12-27. Jump up ^ Whos who in the Jewish Bible by David Mandel 2007 ISBN 0-8276-0863-2 page 270 Jump up ^ Daniel: Wisdom to the Wise: Commentary on the Book of Daniel by Zdravko Stefanovic 2007 ISBN 0-8163-2212-0 page 391 Jump up ^ Daniel: a readers guide by William H. Shea 2005 ISBN 0-8163-2077-2 pages 270-271 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Richard Freeman Johnson (2005) Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend ISBN 1-84383-128-7; pp. 33-34 Jump up ^ Yahshua, the Man Behind the Glory by Jarid Miller ISBN 1-4500-9880-0 pages 15-16 Jump up ^ Joshua by J. Gordon McConville, Stephen Williams 2010 ISBN 0-8028-2702-0 pages 29-30 ^ Jump up to: a b Revelation 12-22 by John MacArthur 2000 ISBN 0-8024-0774-9 pages 13-14 ^ Jump up to: a b The encyclopedia of angels by Rosemary Guiley 2004 ISBN 0-8160-5023-6 page 49 ^ Jump up to: a b John A. Lees, Michael in James Orr (editor), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia(Eerdmans 1939). Internationalstandardbible. 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2012-12-27. ^ Jump up to: a b Quran, sura 2 (Al-Baqara), ayat 98 Quran 2:98 Jump up ^ Midrash Pirke R. El. xxvi Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia - Michael. Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-02-18. Jump up ^ Midrash Deut. Rabbah xi. 6 Jump up ^ Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5 Jump up ^ Yer. Ber. ix. 13a Jump up ^ Talmud B. M. 86b Jump up ^ Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110 Jump up ^ Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 32:25; Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, xxxvii Jump up ^ Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Catholic encyclopedia: St. Michael the Archangel. Newadvent.org. 1911-10-01. Retrieved 2011-12-05. Jump up ^ Anna Jameson (2004) Sacred and Legendary Art ISBN 0-7661-8144-8; p. 92 ^ Jump up to: a b Alban Butler, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320 Jump up ^ Catholic Online, Prayers Jump up ^ Cadwallader, Alan H.; Michael Trainor (2011). Colossae in Space and Time. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 323. ISBN 978-3-525-53397-0. Retrieved 2012-12-27. Jump up ^ Catholic encyclopedia. Newadvent.org. 1911-10-01. Retrieved 2010-07-21. Jump up ^ Donna-Marie OBoyle, Catholic Saints Prayer Book OSV Publishing, 2008 ISBN 1-59276-285-9 page 60 Jump up ^ Mirabai Starr, Saint Michael: The Archangel, Published by Sounds True, 2007 ISBN 1-59179-627-X page 2 Jump up ^ Mirabai Starr, Saint Michael: The Archangel, 2007 ISBN 1-59179-627-X page 39 Jump up ^ Alban Butler, The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints Published by B. Dornin, 1821 page 117 ^ Jump up to: a b Michael McGrath, Patrons and Protectors Published by Liturgy Training, 2001 ISBN 1-56854-109-0 Jump up ^ EWTN Prayer to St Michael [1] Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson The Catholic Almanacs Guide to the Church OSV Publishing, 2001 ISBN 0-87973-914-2 page 315 Jump up ^ Amy Welborn, The Words We Pray Loyola Press, 2004 ISBN 0-8294-1956-X, page 101 Jump up ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 123 Jump up ^ EWTN The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel ^ Jump up to: a b Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes by Donald Fairbairn 2002 ISBN 0-664-22497-0 page 148 Jump up ^ Baun, Jane (2007). Tales from Another Byzantium. Cambridge University Press. p. 391 et passim. ISBN 978-0-521-82395-1. Retrieved 2012-12-27. Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader by Daniel B. Clendenin 2003 ISBN 0801026512 page 75 ^ Jump up to: a b The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity by John Anthony McGuckin 2011 ISBN 1405185392 page 30 ^ Jump up to: a b The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life by Ernst Benz 2008 ISBN 0202362981 page 16 Jump up ^ A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors by Mikhail S. Blinnikov 2010 ISBN page 203 Jump up ^ Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present by James Cracraft 2003 ISBN 0801488281 page 42 Jump up ^ Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus 2010 ISBN 977-424-757-4 pages 27, 117, 147 Jump up ^ Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean by Nelly Hanna 2002 ISBN 1-86064-699-9 page 226 Jump up ^ Phyllis G. Jestice (2004) Holy People of the World: a Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. ISBN 1-57607-355-6; p. 888 Jump up ^ The Anglican Service Book: a Traditional Language Adaptation of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer Together with the Psalter or Psalms of David & Additional Devotions 1991 ISBN 0-9629955-0-9; pp. 238-239 Jump up ^ J. Rodman Williams (1996) Renewal Theology: Systematic Theology from a Charismatic Perspective. ISBN 0-310-20914-5; p. 183 Jump up ^ Rosemary Guiley (2004) The Encyclopedia of Angels. ISBN 0-8160-5023-6; p, 31 Jump up ^ John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) The Church of England c. 1689 - c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-41732-5; p. 47 Jump up ^ Jerry Brown & Fran Wenograd Golden (2004) Frommers European Cruises & Ports of Call. ISBN 0-7645-4290-7 page 352 Jump up ^ Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218 Jump up ^ Insight on the Scriptures 2. Watch Tower Society. pp. 393–394. Retrieved 2013-05-01. Jump up ^ What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watch Tower Society. pp. 218–219. Retrieved 2013-05-01. Jump up ^ Angels—How They Affect Mankind. The Watchtower (Watch Tower Society): 21–25. March 15, 2007. Retrieved 2013-05-01. Jump up ^ What Does The Bible Really Teach?. Watch Tower Society. p. 87. Jump up ^ Your Leader Is One, the Christ. The Watchtower: 21. September 15, 2010. Jump up ^ Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe? by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) page 16 Jump up ^ The Remnant. Adventist World. Retrieved 2011-12-05. Jump up ^ Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 Christ, and Michael the Archangel. ^ Jump up to: a b Bible readings for the home by 7th Day Adventists, London 1949 page 266 [2] Jump up ^ Hengstenberg, Offenbarung, I, 611-22, and an interesting survey in English by Dr. Douglas in Fairbairn’s BD). John A. Lees (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) Jump up ^ Jerry A. Moon, The Adventist Trinity Debate Part 1: Historical Overview and The Adventist Trinity Debate Part 2: The Role of Ellen G. White. Copyright 2003 Andrews University Press. See also The Arian or Anti-Trinitarian Views Presented in Seventh-day Adventist Literature and the Ellen G. White Answer by Erwin Roy Gane Jump up ^ The Trinity in Seventh-day Adventist History by Merlin D. Burt. Ministry February 2009 Jump up ^ Millet, Robert L. (February 1998), The Man Adam, Liahona Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 27:11 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 107:53-56 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 128:21 Jump up ^ Steiner, Rudolf (1994) [1917]. Christopher Bamford, ed. The Archangel Michael. Hudson, NY: Anthroposophic Press. ISBN 0-88010-378-7. Jump up ^ Quran 2:97–98 Jump up ^ The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam - Page 21, Marion Holmes Katz - 2007 Jump up ^ Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice - Page 141, Simon Ross Valentine - 2008 Jump up ^ Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1-84383-128-7 page 105 Jump up ^ Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 ISBN 0-89236-845-4 page 46 Jump up ^ The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 2010 by Ken Parry ISBN 1-4443-3361-5 page 242 Jump up ^ bbc.co.uk/cornwall/uncovered/stories/st_piran_background.shtml Jump up ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 586 ^ Jump up to: a b The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325-1520 by DArcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 ISBN 0-85115-795-5 pages 427-428 Jump up ^ Noted by Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919, 1924:56. Jump up ^ Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-84332-4 page 2008 Jump up ^ Patron Saints by Michael Freze 1992 ISBN 0-87973-464-7 page 170 Jump up ^ Netherlandish sculpture 1450-1550 by Paul Williamson 2002 ISBN 0-8109-6602-6 page 42 Jump up ^ All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society) by Susan Mumm 200 ISBN 0-85115-728-9 page 48 Jump up ^ Amélineau, Contes et Romans de lEgypte Chrétienne, ii. 142 et seq Jump up ^ Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16 Jump up ^ Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8 Jump up ^ Targum to Esther, vi. 1 Jump up ^ comp. Josephus, Ant. xiii. 10, § 3 Jump up ^ Alan H. Cadwallader, Michael Trainor, Colossae in Space and Time (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2011 ISBN 978-3-525-53397-0), p. 323 Jump up ^ Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium by Glenn Peers 2001 Univ of Calif Press ISBN 0-520-22405-1 page 144 [3] ^ Jump up to: a b Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1-84383-128-7 page 68 Jump up ^ Popular Romances of the West of England by Robert Hunt 2009 ISBN 0-559-12999-8 page 238 Jump up ^ Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland by Richard Jones 2006 ISBN 1-84537-594-7 page 17 Jump up ^ The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 ISBN 1-85285-195-3 pages 10-11 Jump up ^ Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 ISBN 2-7082-3351-3 pages 55-56 Jump up ^ Catholic encyclopedia Mont-Saint-Michel. Newadvent.org. 1911-10-01. Retrieved 2011-12-05. ^ Jump up to: a b Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1 by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 ISBN 1-57607-004-2 page 398 Jump up ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 123 Jump up ^ EWTN The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel Jump up ^ Michael Freze, 1993, Voices, Visions, and Apparitions, OSV Publishing ISBN 0-87973-454-X page 267 Jump up ^ usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 Jump up ^ John Milton, Paradise Lost 1674 Book VI line 320 Jump up ^ The Ten commandments for Jews, Christians, and others by Roger Van Harn 2007 ISBN 0-8028-2965-1 page 26 Jump up ^ Faith & philosophy of Islam by Shamim Akhter 2009 ISBN 81-7835-719-4 page 286 Jump up ^ The Everything Understanding Islam Book by Christine Huda Dodge 2003 ISBN 1-58062-783-8 page 244 ^ Jump up to: a b c Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1-84383-128-7 pages 141-147 Jump up ^ Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 ISBN 0-89236-845-4 page 188 Jump up ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 520 Jump up ^ Constantine and the Christian empire by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 ISBN 0-415-17485-6 page 315 Jump up ^ Vatican website: Sistine Chapel. Vaticanstate.va. Retrieved 2010-07-21. Jump up ^ Saints in art by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 ISBN 0-89236-717-2 pages 274-276 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Archangel Michael. Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Michael Jewish Encyclopedia: Michael Wilhelm Gesenius and Edward Robinson, A Hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament A comprehensive dictionary of the English language by Joseph Emerson Worcester A pronouncing, explanatory, and synonymous dictionary of English by Joseph Emerson Worcester Prophets and Apostles by Joseph Ponessa,Laurie Watson Manhardt Connections: a guide to types and symbols in the Bible by Glen Carpenter Super Giant Print Dictionary and Concordance by David K. Stabnow The Oxford guide to people & places of the Bible By Bruce M. Metzger,Michael D. Coogan The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia by Geoffrey W. Bromiley All the People in the Bible by Richard R. Losch A dictionary of the Bible by Samuel Rolles Driver Whos who in the Jewish Bible by David Mandel History of Christian names, Volumen 1 by Charlotte Mary Yonge [show] v t e Angels in Abrahamic religions [show] v t e Catholic Saints [show] v t e Characters and names in the Quran [show] v t e Private revelation Categories: Michael (archangel) Angels in Christianity Angels in Islam Angels in Judaism Anglican saints Archangels Christian saints from the Old Testament Eastern Orthodox saints Hebrew Bible topics Individual angels Oriental Orthodox saints People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar Perspectives on Jesus Roman Catholic saints Supernatural (U.S. TV series) characters Navigation menu Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools Print/export Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last modified on 23 November 2013 at 03:39. 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