GERMANY AFTER FRATRICIDAL WAR I (1919-1933) The winning party of WW I (especially Britain and France) “deliberately foisted …economic ruin up on Germany at the end of the War.”-Scott Spencer referred to above]. He further described the then reality of Germany stating, “The economic devastation of Germany under the Weimer governments was extreme. The currency became worthless. Workers were paid with wheelbarrows full of money….twice a day, because the deprecation was so rapid that your money would lose half its value by nightfall. Eventually, billion-mark postages stamps were printed and trillion-mark bank notes, but all had the same ultimate value: Zero. German workers and soldiers saw their savings and their future turn into nothingness.” [Para. 36]. An American analyst described the then situation in the US as follows. “We’ve forgotten what a terrible time of upheaval the great depression was. If we think of WW II as just a continuation of WW I, it diminishes what a power-keg America was in the 1930s. An enormous range of political activists tried to seize on the discontent of millions of unemployment, from the furthest right to the furthest left [jmong, “Support for Hitler (or fascism) in the United States,” December 18/2004, Thirdworldtraveler/Fascism/support_Hitler_US.htm]. Americans of the 1930s up to the 1950 might possibly forget life in America during the great depression. Europeans of the same time remember it with deep sorrow and frustrations. All those born after WW II might not understand the experiences of those who faced it. These people saw the devastation caused by what they called WW I which was followed by the crashes and the depression. Of all the nations of the then world, the government of Germany and a few of the then people didn’t forget the consequences of WW I. Apparently, October 3/2010 was a day that relieved the government of Germany from years old feelings of humiliation. It is commonly asserted that WW II was meant to pull out Germany from the humiliation it faced since 1919. • Who actually wanted the war? • Who planned it? • What were the publicly declared aims of the war? • What about the hidden agenda which was planned by the so called financiers of Europe and America? The so called National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) and A. Hitler became shining with a “devotion” to pull out Germany from sets of problems and to make it not only a respected, but also the dominant force in the world. Unfortunately, things didn’t progress as they were expected. WHY? • Why did Germany have to face another severe punishment? • How did all started and progressed? • What went wrong? • Could we attribute the beginning of the war and its end solely to Germany or to the Nazis? It is true that A. Hitler promised the German people that he would emerge the winner of the war and the sole ruling body of all Europe, if not the whole world. He assumed that America would not enter the war and he had done all he could to infiltrate it and to make it stay out of the European war. This idea actually depended on the existence of the Act of neutrality and the existence of conservatives on one hand and supporters of fascism on the other hand who were counted to make America stay out of the war. Hitler and his party didn’t meet what they planned. What went wrong? The whole economic, social, political, military, psychology, human ecology, etc. has to do with the emergence of the Nazi Party, its being manipulated by interested external bodies and a few Germans from 1923 – 1933. These external forces didn’t expect A. Hitler to fail. Indeed, their plan was not as we find it to be. They failed to meet their plan because of the behavior and reaction of A. Hitler. Please note that the German people are reputed as a people who: a) Are hard working; b) Stress orderliness (orderly manner); c) Emphasize discipline and societal harmony; Nazism was not in fact part of their national character. If I am wrong, I will be ready to face any criticism or correction of what have one has. In principle and practice a whole people of any given nation should not be blamed and condemned especially when it was used for officially undeclared objective by financial snakes of mainly foreign origin and a few of their own citizens. The Bavarians might have their own wrong image, but the Anglo-Saxons are well known for their superiority complex. It has been a standing posture for centuries. Nazism is an aberrant consequential appearance of a fascist variance with specific emphasis on the German race and the German land. It appeared due to certain given situations. It emanated as a reaction to the suffocation the German people suffered and the humiliation they faced after WW I. The negativity over Nazism and its inhuman activities must not be taken as negativity against the national character of Germans. Indeed, Germans like other peoples of the world must condemn it and must stand with firm determination to fight against Nazism. Those who still stick to the same principles, actions, and inhumanities of the actual actors of that particular time, wherever they are and whoever they claim to be must be handled as they deserve. Such anti-human political ideology especially of Americans of Bavarian origin and Englanders are not and should not be excused. Adolf Elizabeth Hitler was a recruit of greedy, selfish, incompetent corporate financiers who had and have a hidden agenda. That agenda is not still met. Every possible track is being perused to make it real using the language of money amassed through fraud, tax evasion, cheating, stealing, drug trafficking, and other illegal means. We have understood that such situation followed because of the failure of capitalism. Capitalism was understood as a self regulating market system without due consideration of determinants such as monopolization, cartels, trusts, secret deals, price fixing, etc. as non-pats and parcels of the true principles and practices which characterize free market economic system. THE BEGINNING OF THE PROBLEM CREATED BY THE WALL STREET CORPORATES AND ITS REALITIES IN THE USA “We may congratulate ourselves that this cruel war is nearing its end. It has cost a vast amount of treasure and blood. . . . It has indeed been a trying hour for the Republic; but I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. As a result of the war, corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed. I feel at this moment more anxiety for the safety of my country than ever before, even in the midst of war. God grant that my suspicions may prove groundless.” [letter from Lincoln to (Col.) William F. Elkins, Nov. 21, 1864] patriciasun/html/abraham_lincoln.html Note: There are people who argue that this was not said or written by Abraham Lincoln. There are also others who directly indicate the statement in the said letter. Whatever the case the issue is is the statement telling the reality of the USA and the world as we have passed through up to now and are facing it now? rick [email protected], has verified the authenticity of the statement and he says, ”For a reliable pedigree, cite p. 40 of The Lincoln Encyclopedia: The Spoken and Written Words of A. Lincoln Arranged for Ready Reference, by Archer H. Shaw (NY, NY: Macmillan, 1950). That traces the quote’s lineage to p. 954 of Abraham Lincoln: A New Portrait, (Vol. 2) by Emanuel Hertz (New York: Horace Liveright Inc, 1931). “. [ratical.org/corporations/Lincoln.html]. He closed his article with this quotation, ““These capitalists generally act harmoniously and in concert to fleece the people, and now that they have got into a quarrel with themselves, we are called upon to appropriate the people’s money to settle the quarrel.” speech to Illinois legislature, Jan. 1837. See Vol. 1, p. 24 of Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. by Nicolay and Hay (New York: F.D. Tandy Co., 1905) . By the way I would like to add one point here, Did the PATSY PRESIDENT OF COLONEL HOUSE AND BRITISH FABIAN SOCILISTS said, “There is a power somewhere so organized, so subtle, so interlocked, so complete, so pervasive that they better not speak above their breath when they speak in condemnation of it.” [The blackmailed Patsy President W. Wilson (1913)]. Please note that the delegation led by President W. Wilson to the Peace talk of Paris was organized by Col. House. It was at this meeting the two close friends broke their relationship. Of the delegation those who stayed behind and finished the peace talk under the coordination of Col. House who invited the Americans and the British Fabians for a dinner party included Allen W. Dulles and John F. Dulles. All those who were suspected of supporting the Fabians and had the brain to work out miracle by that time left to the USA accompanying the president who was deeply frustrated and angry. He never ever understood that he was being used by people from Britain and the Wall Street. It is true that the 14 point proposal was drafted by the British Fabians and Col House who presented 24 points related to the formation of the League of Nations. Of this it is reported that Wilson rejected five of House’s points. It was a moment for all those who aspired to infiltrate and implement their “One World Government” [One World Order which was told by George Herbert Walker Bush in 1991 or then in 1918 the “International Government”] practically faced the first blow. This proposal had nothing to do with the communists of the time. • What was and is the cancer that infected America since the 18th century and then the world in the 20th century? The cancer that infected to whole of America and later Europe starting during the presidency of Hoover which served as a means to provoke WW II, not to mention other wars, originated mainly in New York and then in London and Berlin. It would be not possible to understand the question of why without considering this. Primarily issues of crashes and depressions have to be meticulously investigated. • What causes them? Why? • Why are the peoples of the world tortured because of crashes and depressions repeatedly since the end of the 19th century? • Who failed to put matters in proper order? • Why isn’t there a lasting solution to this problem? • Could there be a lasting solution for it? If yes, how could it be possible and who could make it a reality? I have slightly gone through this problem din the previous posts. However, I didn’t relate it to the investigation that was conducted by one of the best man of the time was pressed by the then President-elect of the USA. The problem has to do with the reparation of Germany and its economic debacle as well as with the greedy intrigues of the Wall Street corporate could be presented as follows. “Beginning in September 1929, the “Roaring Twenties” came to an agonizing halt as stock prices on Wall Street plunged. On October 24, tagged Black Thursday, a selling frenzy resulted in one-day losses that totaled $9 billion. The following Tuesday, October 29, the market traded 16 million shares—-a record that would stand for 39 years. By November the market had shed some $26 billion in value. The market crash in 1929 led to the Great Depression, the longest economic downturn in American history. By 1932 nearly one-quarter of all Americans were unemployed.” Pecora’s investigation partly revealed the following. “He elicited confessions from Mitchell, for example, that severely damaged the chairman’s reputation. Under Pecora’s careful questioning, Mitchell confessed that his income in 1929, including bonuses and salary, totaled $1,206,195.02. He acknowledged selling National City stocks to a family member at a considerable loss in 1929 to avoid paying income taxes. Though Mitchell had not violated any laws, many judged his personal financial dealings as unethical. One editor expressed the sentiment of many when he asserted that “the only difference between a bank burglar and a bank president is that one works at night.” Pecora asked Mitchell to recount some of the bank’s questionable lending schemes. In the early 1920s, the bank had made several loans to Cuban sugar interests, but by 1927 the loans were in default. National City Bank issued $50 million in bank stocks and, without the knowledge of investors, transferred this money to the National City Company to purchase controlling interest in the Cuban sugar industry. Pecora forced a reluctant Mitchell to admit that these were indeed “bad short term loans.” Shortly after his appearance before the Senate Banking and Currency committee, Mitchell offered his resignation to the board of National City Bank. He left Washington a discredited man. ” [https://senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/Pecora.htm]. Ferdinand Pecora, Chief Counsel to the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking and Currency (6 January 1882 – 7 December 1971) who investigated the Wall Street corporate synarchists stated that “reached a conclusion that, “Undoubtedly, this small group of highly placed financers, controlling the very springs of economic activity, holds more real power than any similar group in the United States.”[“Wall Street Under Oath”, 1939]. At that time The Nation in its edition categorized the then financers as follows: If you steal $25, youre a thief. If you steal $250,000 youre an embezzler. If you steal $2,500,000 you are a financier.“ Recently the problem created by this Wall Street corporate was described by Robert Kuttner , Co-founder and co-editor, The American Prospect; in his article entitled “A Real Pecora Commission”, Posted: 07/01/2009 5:12 am EDT Updated: 05/25/2011 1:25 pm EDT; as follows “In 1932 through 1934 the Senate Banking Committee, led by its Chief Counsel Ferdinand Pecora, ferreted out the deeper fraud and corruption that led to the Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. The Pecora Committees findings helped change the political mood, and laid the groundwork for the sweeping financial reforms of Roosevelts New Deal. Roosevelt himself often conferred with Pecora, encouraged him, and depended on Pecoras work to build the public support for reform. He appointed Pecora to one of the newly created results of his handiwork, the Securities and Exchange Commission, though Pecora was disappointed not to be its chairman.” He attempted to remind everybody how the Pecora investigation was made possible . In his article he cited “The former chief accountant of the S.E.C., Lynn Turner, who reportedly told the New York Times that fraud helped cause the Great Depression:“The amount of gimmickry and outright fraud dwarfs any period since the early 1970’s, when major accounting scams like Equity Funding surfaced, and the 1920’s, when rampant fraud helped cause the crash of 1929 and led to the creation of the S.E.C.”[ huffingtonpost/robert-kuttner/a-real-pecora-commission_b_209572.html] Prof. William K. Black; Univ. of Missouri, Kansas City; Sr. regulator during S&L debacle; in his article “How to Create a Successful Pecora Investigation”; enumerated the following key distinctive features of Pecora’s investigation, • Pecora led the investigation and conducted the questioning. There was no bipartisan fiction or friction: Pecora was in charge. A professional with expertise in investigations must conduct the questioning, as members of Congress cannot do so effectively. Pecora picked his aides, not Congress. • Pecora was non-partisan and known to be non-partisan. • Pecora was fearless. • Pecora was relentless and confrontational. • President Roosevelt personally and strongly supported Pecora....” [Posted: 08/13/2009 5:12 am EDT Updated: 05/25/2011 1:35 pm ED; huffingtonpost/william-k-black/how-to-create-a-successfu_b_230579.html] VERSAILLES: BIRTH PLACE OF CONTRADICTORY TREATIES Versailles served as the town of “reconciliation” between the delegation of Britain and the newly independent nation of 13 former colonial states the USA. The USA, after emerging the winner in the revolution for independence from British colonial rule issued its “Declaration of Independence” on July 4/1776. The declaration was drafted by Thomas Jefferson (main drafter), Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart mill. All of them believed that “A GOVERNMENT BASED ON JUSTICE AND EQUALITY FOR ALL WOULD PROVIDE HAPPINESS.” Was this a manifestation of naiveté? Scott Spencer actually criticized and ridiculed them for writing this declaration in this manner and for stating “All men are created equal”. The peace talk or reconciliation between Britain and the new independent nation of the USA was conducted in April 1782. Out of this peace talk ‘preliminary peace articles were signed by British and American representatives on 30 November 1782. “On 3 September 1783, the treaties that officially ended the American War for Independence took place at different times and locations. These are sometimes labeled as the 1783 Peace of Paris which suggests a single document and signing session. The expression -- often innocently employed for brevity of expression -- minimizes awareness of the world war aspects of the American War for Independence which required Great Britain to sign more than one treaty to end it. To be more specific, there were two peace signing ceremonies on 3 September: “One ceremony was in the morning, at the British ambassadors Parisian residence in Hotel dYork [now 56 Rue Jacob]. David Hartley [whom the British government had sent to replace Richard Oswald] conducted the final review and signed with the American delegates the acknowledgment of American Independence -- a pre-arranged necessity to concluding a peace agreement. This document would be correctly labeled the 1783 Treaty of Paris. “A second ceremony was held in the afternoon, at Versailles. When French Foreign Minister, Comte de Vergennes, received confirmation that in the morning, the British had officially recognized independence of their former thirteen colonies, then he proceeded to sign for France and for Spain the final peace with representatives of the British Crown. The Netherlands, waited a few more months to sign, because they were not satisfied with what had been obtained for them. This document would be correctly labeled the 1783 Treaty of Versailles. “The definitive 1783 Paris Peace Treaty was ratified by the US Congress on 14 January 1784. Ratifications were exchanged to complete the peace negotiations on 12 May 1784. King George III ratified the treaty 9 April 1784; there were no objections that this was five weeks after the deadline. On 12 May 1784, ratified copies of the 1783 Treaty of Paris were exchanged in Paris. [xenophongroup/mcjoynt/1783_Treaties.htm]. The list of delegations that started the peace talk in Paris seems to be reported differently by different authorities. One of these presents the following. “The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States, recognized American independence and established borders for the new nation. After the British defeat at Yorktown, peace talks in Paris began in April 1782 between Richard Oswarld representing Great Britain and the American Peace Commissioners Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams. The American negotiators were joined by Henry Laurens two days before the preliminary articles of peace were signed on November 30, 1782. The Treaty of Paris, formally ending the war, was not signed until September 3, 1783. The Continental Congress, which was temporarily situated in Annapolis, Maryland, at the time, ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784.” [loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/paris.html]. The list given by June Callwood (1983) didn’t include all the members that participated in the peace talk. This peace talk has a lot to do with the fate of the territories of the then British colony of Canada. According to June Callwood, a Canadian writer, the peace talk delegation of the British was headed by the new PM William Petty Fitzmaurice (Earl of Shelburne). The Earl of Shelburne “deeply admired the American Revolution and said openly that the Declaration of Independence was the finest document ever produced by any government.” This opening remark has made the peace talk relaxed. Thomas Jefferson was also said to be highly surprised by what he said “a sweet word” referring to the word put on the table of the meeting which said “reconciliation”. Hence, the atmosphere of the meeting of the two groups was as friendly as possible or more than was expected because the representatives of the then government of Britain were members of the Whigs party. This party supported the revolution and independence against the Tories who were intent to continue subjugating the USA and to control it using their standing army and navy. The principle followed by the British group to handle the peace talk was that of Adam Smith. Adam Smith’s doctrine, “A prosperous America would make England richer” was supported by the Whigs who took power and stayed for the next 8 months. The Americans were lucky because the treaty was signed just before power was transferred to the Tories who were against the independence of America and limitations of its territory. Americans were surprise by the outcome of the peace talk because to the dismay of the Tories they gained large territories which were not part of America under the British rule. The Tories of America who sided with the colonial rulers and fought against the revolution were forced to flee out with the retreating force of the British. Hence the first agenda of the peace talk became the problem of refugees which actually became an acute problem of the time. Problem of refugees demanded the British to prepare resettlement places which mostly presupposed distribution of land to settle and begin life anew. It was reported that the Canadian authorities gave three alternative choices to these loyalists, i.e., to go to Britain, to be resettled in Haiti or to stay in Halifax. The wealthy loyalists preferred the first two choices because they believed that their business connection with British businessmen will enable them to lead a luxurious life in Britain or Haiti. The others who didn’t want to be far away from their birth place the USA preferred to stay in Halifax. Mass flood of the loyalist refugees became a headache for the governor of Halifax, the port where all the refugees were transported until their final destination is decided. John Parr was the then governor and he was an admirer of the American Revolution. By the time the peace talk was started: a) There were about 35,000 refugees in the Long Island camp waiting for the Governor to assign them land. “About a thousand of these were new Englander refugees who fled with General William Howe and his army when the defense of Boston collapsed.” The most vociferous of them, who were pestering the Governor; were the wealthy New Englanders among including Edward Winslow and john Coffin. b) The largest wave of refugees who migrated to Halifax was in the winter of 1782-83 while the peace talk was going on. This wave of refugees consisted of tradesmen, soldiers and slaves. Included in this wave were: i) The King’s American Dragoons; ii) The Queen’s Rangers of Virginia; iii) The King’s American regiment of North Carolina; iv) The New York Volunteers; v) The Loyal American regiment; vi) New Jersey Volunteers or the “Skinner Cowboys” named after their commander Cortland Skinner, the Pennsylvanian Loyalist; vii) The Prince of Wales American regiment; viii) The King’s Orange Rangers of new York; ix) The Scots from Pictore; x) Former slaves freed to fight in the Black regiment. c) The last wave of refugees in 1784 included “the sick and weakened.” A lot of them were without clothing and shoes. They had suffered so much as compared to the previous waves [June Callwood 1983 at 74-76]. • Could you have any idea how the 18th century Canada incorporated anti-republicanism elements; loyalists of the colonial power, Tories and freed slaves from the newly emerging independent USA? • Could you understand why Canada and the USA followed different approaches which were opposite to each other in trying to solve the problems of crashes and depressions? It is great wonder to observe that the USA fascists described FDR’s attempt to solve the problems of crashes and depressions as “socialism” whereas the Canadians followed the same means whereby the Government was give the mandate to tackle the problem through regulation of banks and industries and through social welfare programs. The problem then was that the Federal Government had the money to distribute to the people during the depression, but had no power to interfere in the internal affairs of the federated states. The states have the right to social welfare but they had no money to fulfill it. This situation had created misunderstanding and sometimes contradiction between the federal government and the governments of the local government bodies. Please do not forget that by this time, i.e. in the 18th century Canada had a very few people and was under the colonial rule of Britain until 1932 (which was made a dominion not an independent nation). The problem of refugees which was very crucial and needed immediate reply was taken care of. The delegations reached an understanding that by that time the USA was penniless to help the refugees resettle, but the case was taken into consideration for future reimbursement. The second major issue was delimitation of the geographical territory of the new independent nation. The then available map was a 31 old map which was drawn by john Mitchell. They used it to determine the border line of the upper boundary of the USA. Benjamin Franklin proposed to take the whole Northern America as the new independent nation. This idea, however, was countered by the earl of Shelburne who argued “Nova Scotia was full of American Tories for whom land must be found.” It is true that people who were loyalists can’t be taken in back by the same new nation. They have to be removed from the whole territory which in reality was not possible and not practicable. • At last they agreed to use the 49th parallel as was earlier agreed up on and used by the British and the French. They is to solve the problem where there were no natural boundaries (such as rivers or streams) are not available. The new USA, according to this agreement, was awarded territories which were not expected by the US delegation. USA took the upper Mississippi watershed that had been Canada for a century. This is the fertile soil land covering a quarter of a million square miles. Later it became the states of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. This deal a century later was examined by President Theodore Roosevelt. He was surprised by the achievements of the then USA delegation. “He found it odd that the 13 colonies had secured the Ohio-Mississippi basin which had never been part of the revolution.”[June Callwood 1983 at 73-75]. Please find, herewith, attached the full content of the Treaty or Paris which is composed of 10 articles for your further analysis or reference. The Definitive Treaty of Peace 1783 In the name of the most holy and undivided Trinity. It having pleased the Divine Providence to dispose the hearts of the most serene and most potent Prince George the Third, by the grace of God, king of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, duke of Brunswick and Lunebourg, arch-treasurer and prince elector of the Holy Roman Empire etc., and of the United States of America, to forget all past misunderstandings and differences that have unhappily interrupted the good correspondence and friendship which they mutually wish to restore, and to establish such a beneficial and satisfactory intercourse , between the two countries upon the ground of reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience as may promote and secure to both perpetual peace and harmony; and having for this desirable end already laid the foundation of peace and reconciliation by the Provisional Articles signed at Paris on the 30th of November 1782, by the commissioners empowered on each part, which articles were agreed to be inserted in and constitute the Treaty of Peace proposed to be concluded between the Crown of Great Britain and the said United States, but which treaty was not to be concluded until terms of peace should be agreed upon between Great Britain and France and his Britannic Majesty should be ready to conclude such treaty accordingly; and the treaty between Great Britain and France having since been concluded, his Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, in order to carry into full effect the Provisional Articles above mentioned, according to the tenor thereof, have constituted and appointed, that is to say his Britannic Majesty on his part, David Hartley, Esqr., member of the Parliament of Great Britain, and the said United States on their part, John Adams, Esqr., late a commissioner of the United States of America at the court of Versailles, late delegate in Congress from the state of Massachusetts, and chief justice of the said state, and minister plenipotentiary of the said United States to their high mightinesses the States General of the United Netherlands; Benjamin Franklin, Esqr., late delegate in Congress from the state of Pennsylvania, president of the convention of the said state, and minister plenipotentiary from the United States of America at the court of Versailles; John Jay, Esqr., late president of Congress and chief justice of the state of New York, and minister plenipotentiary from the said United States at the court of Madrid; to be plenipotentiaries for the concluding and signing the present definitive treaty; who after having reciprocally communicated their respective full powers have agreed upon and confirmed the following articles. Article 1: His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz., New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, to be free sovereign and independent states, that he treats with them as such, and for himself, his heirs, and successors, relinquishes all claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights of the same and every part thereof. Article 2: And that all disputes which might arise in future on the subject of the boundaries of the said United States may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, that the following are and shall be their boundaries, viz.; from the northwest angle of Nova Scotia, viz., that angle which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source of St. Croix River to the highlands; along the said highlands which divide those rivers that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the northwesternmost head of Connecticut River; thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude; from thence by a line due west on said latitude until it strikes the river Iroquois or Cataraquy; thence along the middle of said river into Lake Ontario; through the middle of said lake until it strikes the communication by water between that lake and Lake Erie; thence along the middle of said communication into Lake Erie, through the middle of said lake until it arrives at the water communication between that lake and Lake Huron; thence along the middle of said water communication into Lake Huron, thence through the middle of said lake to the water communication between that lake and Lake Superior; thence through Lake Superior northward of the Isles Royal and Phelipeaux to the Long Lake; thence through the middle of said Long Lake and the water communication between it and the Lake of the Woods, to the said Lake of the Woods; thence through the said lake to the most northwesternmost point thereof, and from thence on a due west course to the river Mississippi; thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of the said river Mississippi until it shall intersect the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree of north latitude, South, by a line to be drawn due east from the determination of the line last mentioned in the latitude of thirty-one degrees of the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Catahouche; thence along the middle thereof to its junction with the Flint River, thence straight to the head of Saint Marys River; and thence down along the middle of Saint Marys River to the Atlantic Ocean; east, by a line to be drawn along the middle of the river Saint Croix, from its mouth in the Bay of Fundy to its source, and from its source directly north to the aforesaid highlands which divide the rivers that fall into the Atlantic Ocean from those which fall into the river Saint Lawrence; comprehending all islands within twenty leagues of any part of the shores of the United States, and lying between lines to be drawn due east from the points where the aforesaid boundaries between Nova Scotia on the one part and East Florida on the other shall, respectively, touch the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic Ocean, excepting such islands as now are or heretofore have been within the limits of the said province of Nova Scotia. Article 3: It is agreed that the people of the United States shall continue to enjoy unmolested the right to take fish of every kind on the Grand Bank and on all the other banks of Newfoundland, also in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and at all other places in the sea, where the inhabitants of both countries used at any time heretofore to fish. And also that the inhabitants of the United States shall have liberty to take fish of every kind on such part of the coast of Newfoundland as British fishermen shall use, (but not to dry or cure the same on that island) and also on the coasts, bays and creeks of all other of his Brittanic Majestys dominions in America; and that the American fishermen shall have liberty to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbors, and creeks of Nova Scotia, Magdalen Islands, and Labrador, so long as the same shall remain unsettled, but so soon as the same or either of them shall be settled, it shall not be lawful for the said fishermen to dry or cure fish at such settlement without a previous agreement for that purpose with the inhabitants, proprietors, or possessors of the ground. Article 4: It is agreed that creditors on either side shall meet with no lawful impediment to the recovery of the full value in sterling money of all bona fide debts heretofore contracted. Article 5: It is agreed that Congress shall earnestly recommend it to the legislatures of the respective states to provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and properties, which have been confiscated belonging to real British subjects; and also of the estates, rights, and properties of persons resident in districts in the possession on his Majestys arms and who have not borne arms against the said United States. And that persons of any other decription shall have free liberty to go to any part or parts of any of the thirteen United States and therein to remain twelve months unmolested in their endeavors to obtain the restitution of such of their estates, rights, and properties as may have been confiscated; and that Congress shall also earnestly recommend to the several states a reconsideration and revision of all acts or laws regarding the premises, so as to render the said laws or acts perfectly consistent not only with justice and equity but with that spirit of conciliation which on the return of the blessings of peace should universally prevail. And that Congress shall also earnestly recommend to the several states that the estates, rights, and properties, of such last mentioned persons shall be restored to them, they refunding to any persons who may be now in possession the bona fide price (where any has been given) which such persons may have paid on purchasing any of the said lands, rights, or properties since the confiscation. And it is agreed that all persons who have any interest in confiscated lands, either by debts, marriage settlements, or otherwise, shall meet with no lawful impediment in the prosecution of their just rights. Article 6: That there shall be no future confiscations made nor any prosecutions commenced against any person or persons for, or by reason of, the part which he or they may have taken in the present war, and that no person shall on that account suffer any future loss or damage, either in his person, liberty, or property; and that those who may be in confinement on such charges at the time of the ratification of the treaty in America shall be immediately set at liberty, and the prosecutions so commenced be discontinued. Article 7: There shall be a firm and perpetual peace between his Brittanic Majesty and the said states, and between the subjects of the one and the citizens of the other, wherefore all hostilities both by sea and land shall from henceforth cease. All prisoners on both sides shall be set at liberty, and his Brittanic Majesty shall with all convenient speed, and without causing any destruction, or carrying away any Negroes or other property of the American inhabitants, withdraw all his armies, garrisons, and fleets from the said United States, and from every post, place, and harbor within the same; leaving in all fortifications, the American artillery that may be therein; and shall also order and cause all archives, records, deeds, and papers belonging to any of the said states, or their citizens, which in the course of the war may have fallen into the hands of his officers, to be forthwith restored and delivered to the proper states and persons to whom they belong. Article 8: The navigation of the river Mississippi, from its source to the ocean, shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States. Article 9: In case it should so happen that any place or territory belonging to Great Britain or to the United States should have been conquered by the arms of either from the other before the arrival of the said Provisional Articles in America, it is agreed that the same shall be restored without difficulty and without requiring any compensation. Article 10: The solemn ratifications of the present treaty expedited in good and due form shall be exchanged between the contracting parties in the space of six months or sooner, if possible, to be computed from the day of the signatures of the present treaty. In witness whereof we the undersigned, their ministers plenipotentiary, have in their name and in virtue of our full powers, signed with our hands the present definitive treaty and caused the seals of our arms to be affixed thereto. Done at Paris, this third day of September in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three. D. HARTLEY (SEAL) JOHN ADAMS (SEAL) B. FRANKLIN (SEAL) JOHN JAY (SEAL) In short the Treaty of Paris ended with the following summarized results. According to Richard J. Behn; in his history essay on “The Treaty of Paris” summarized the then overall reality as follows. War between America and Britain was ended. British soldiers were required to evacuate from the territory of the United States, including their forts in the Northwest. Americas boundaries were set at the Mississippi River on the west and the forty-fifth parallel in the South. The Great Lakes in the North formed a natural boundary. Americans were required to pay prewar obligations to British merchants. State governments were supposed to make appropriate payments to British loyalists. Americans obtained some fishing rights in the Atlantic Ocean off Newfoundland. Congress approved the terms of the treaty on April 15. On September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was finally signed by the warring parties at the Hotel dYork. Adams, Jay and Franklin signed for the Americans. A new representative, David Hartley, signed for the British. John Adams wrote back to a friend: “The Treaty of Paris had ended the war. It did not guarantee the peace. “ In their history of the United States, Samuel Eliot Morison, Henry Steele Commager and William E. Leuchtenburg wrote: The Treaty of Paris satisfied neither England nor the United States, and its terms provoked future quarrels. Boundary disputes, arising from loose wording and the ignorance of geography on the part of the negotiators, were postponed to a later generation. Appointed Americas foreign secretary on his return to the United States, John Jay would have particular responsibility for implementation of the treaty. John Adams went on to be appointed to his desired position as American ambassador in London. Henry Laurens went home to rebuild his devastated estates. An aging and aching Benjamin Franklin went home to bask in his countrys adulation. [lehrmaninstitute.org/history/treaty-of-paris.html;
Posted on: Thu, 22 Jan 2015 15:30:07 +0000
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