HISTORY OF EBOLA On July 27, 1976, the very first person to contract the Ebola virus began to show symptoms. Ten days later he was dead. Over the course of the next few months, the first Ebola outbreaks in history occurred in Sudan and Zaire*, with a total of 602 reported cases and 431 deaths. The Ebola Outbreak in Sudan The first victim to contract Ebola was a cotton factory worker from Nzara, Sudan. Soon after this first man came down with symptoms, so did his co-worker. Then the co-workers wife became sick. The outbreak quickly spread to the Sudanese town of Maridi, where there was a hospital. Since no one in the medical field had ever seen this illness before, it took them awhile to realize that it was passed by close contact. By the time the outbreak had subsided in the Sudan, 284 people had become ill, 151 of whom had died. This new illness was a killer, causing fatality in 53% of its victims. This strain of the virus is now called Ebola-Sudan. Ebola Outbreak in Zaire On September 1, 1976, another, even more deadly, outbreak of Ebola struck - this time in Zaire. The first victim of this outbreak was a 44-year-old teacher who had just returned from a tour of northern Zaire. After suffering from symptoms that seemed like malaria, this first victim went to the Yambuku Mission Hospital and received a shot of an anti-malarial drug. Unfortunately, at that time the hospital did not use disposable needles nor did they properly sterilize the ones they used. Thus, the Ebola virus spread through used needles to many of the hospitals patients. For four weeks, the outbreak continued to expand. However, the outbreak finally ended after the Yambuku Mission Hospital was closed down (11 of the 17 hospital staff having died) and the remaining Ebola victims were isolated. In Zaire, the Ebola virus had been contracted by 318 people, 280 of whom died. This strain of the Ebola virus, now called Ebola-Zaire, killed 88% of its victims. The Ebola-Zaire strain remains the most deadly of the Ebola viruses. Symptoms of Ebola Most victims will begin to show symptoms between two and 21 days after first contracting Ebola. At first, the victim may only experience influenza-like symptoms: fever, headache, weakness, muscle pain, and a sore throat. However, additional symptoms begin to manifest quickly. Victims often suffer from diarrhoea, vomiting, and a rash. Then the victim often starts bleeding, both internally and externally. Despite extensive research, no one is yet sure where the Ebola virus occurs naturally nor why it flares up when it does. What we do know is that the Ebola virus is passed from host to host, usually by contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids. Scientists have designated the Ebola virus, which is also called Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), as a member of the Filoviridae family. There are currently five known strains of the Ebola virus: Zaire, Sudan, Côte d’Ivoire, Bundibugyo and Reston. So far, the Zaire strain remains the most deadly (80% death rate) and the Reston the least (0% death rate). However, the Ebola-Zaire and Ebola-Sudan strains have caused all the major known outbreaks. Additional Ebola Outbreaks The 1976 Ebola outbreaks in Sudan and Zaire were just the first and most definitely not the last. Although there have been many isolated cases or even small outbreaks since 1976, the largest outbreaks have been in Zaire in 1995 (315 cases), Uganda in 2000-2001 (425 cases), and in the Republic of the Congo in 2007 (264 cases). During the Ebola outbreak in Zaire, panic struck a town because the only general hospital of the country, which was in that town received the sick people before it knew what disease they had. The helpers, caregivers, staffers and villagers brought in were dying at the rate of 100 a day. The hospital was cordoned off. The convoys from those villages were stopped before they arrived in town. The Zairean government sent troops to the villages to establish a parameter around them and anybody from those areas that tried to escape were gunned down and the villages were burnt to the ground including livestock and the rest. “If the virus kills the host instantly, it’s not going to be able to perpetuate itself,” “It has to adapt to its host environment, without killing the animal. Think of it as a process taking thousands of years, with the virus evolving along with the species.” Between 1998 and 2000, a Marburg outbreak killed 128 workers at a gold mine in Congo. Seven years later, two more gold miners died at the Kitaka mine in Uganda. In 2008, a Dutch tourist who had visited a cave in Uganda became ill and died after returning to the Netherlands. Towner and other scientists captured hundreds of Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in the mines and found that many were riddled with Marburg. “Every time we’ve captured decent numbers of these bats, and looked for the virus, we’ve found it,” he says. A bat bite, contact with bat urine or feces, or contact with an infected monkey—which often acts as the “amplification host” in virus transmissions to humans—were all possible means of infection, says Towner. Ebola is considered a “sister virus” to Marburg, both in the family of filoviridae that biologists believe have existed for millennia. They have similar genetic structures and cause nearly identical symptoms, including external bleeding in the most severe cases. “Marburg is one of the strongest arguments that bats are the reservoir for Ebola,” said Towner. Read more: smithsonianmag/science-nature/the-hunt-for-ebola-81684905/#CMUrKOwMVWsVxvb5.99
Posted on: Wed, 09 Apr 2014 10:59:18 +0000
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