History Of Tanolies. Tanoli From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2014) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (September 2014) Page semi-protected The Tanoli (Hindko/Urdu: تنولی; Pashto: تنولي) might be a Pashtun[1][2] tribe, possibly connected to the Ghilzai Confederation of Pashtuns. Their origins remain controversial and are subject to much debate.Bernard Dorn in Part II of his book The History of Afghans which mainly comprises translation from the Makhzan-i-Afghani of Neamat Ullah (Nimat Allah al-Harawi) mentions Tanokhel as descendant of Ghilzai.[3] The Tanolis mostly inhabit the Tanawal valley, located in the North-West Frontier region of Pakistan; which they took over in about the 14th century and named it after their tribe. Though today Tanawal is part of the Hazara division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, in the past the larger portion of it comprised the two semi-independent native states or principalities of Amb and Phulra, ruled over by Tanoli chiefs of the same family, from about the 1840s to 1972. Prior to that, the area or Ilaqa of Tanawal had remained an independent territory for a long time, from c the 14th to the 19th century.[4] Across the Durand line, there are also some Tanolis living in Ghazni and Paktia provinces of Afghanistan. The Tanoli, allied with other Pashtuns of the region, participated in the frontier wars of the 1840s against the British. In Charles Allens analysis of these wars, the Tanolis were described as extremely hostile, brave and hardy, and accounted the best swordsmen in Hazara.[5] The Tanolis reside in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Tor Ghar, Swabi and Buner (Tanolo Dheray) of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A branch of the Tanoli tribe also resides in Kashmir, mainly in Muzaffarabad and Srinagar[citation needed]. Some Tanolis are working and settled in Karachi, Lahore and other parts of Pakistan[citation needed]. In Afghanistan, the Tanoli primarily live in the provinces of Ghazni and Paktia[citation needed]. Sometimes, the Tanoli tribe is mixed up with the Tanai tribe of Afghanistan[citation needed], who are supposedly descendants of a slave of Kajin, the youngest son of Batani[citation needed]. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Descent legend 3 British assessments 4 Tanoli resistance against the Sikhs 5 Tanoli relations with the British Empire 6 Role in the Kashmir Conflict of 1947-48 7 Language 8 Tanoli Marriage Customs 9 Hereditary Tanoli rulers of Amb Princely State 10 Sub-tribes 11 Some other notable Tanolis 12 References 13 Sources 14 Further information History Tanolis claim they originally lived in Dara Tanal,in the Ghazni region of present day Afghanistan.[6]In the year 971 AD the Tanolis supposedly joined the army of the Ghaznavid Emperor Sabuktigin[citation needed] and traveled with it to Hindustan. After the conquests, the Tanolis settled in Swat and Buner, previously known as Mahaban Area,[7] formed their own state with its principal seat at Chamla[citation needed] and appointed Anwar Khan Tanoli, son of Behram Khan, as their first ruler or chief[citation needed]. The Tanolis ruled Swat and Buner until 1232 AD.[citation needed] Later, however, they came into conflict with the Pashtun tribes who had newly migrated eastward into the region, most notably the Yusufzai[citation needed]. The Tanolis fought three battles, defeating the Utmanzai and Ummarzai tribes in the first two battles[citation needed], but in the third battle the Tanolis were defeated under their leader Ameer Khan Tanoli[citation needed] at Topi[citation needed]; he was the apical ancestor of all Tanolis living in the Tanawal region.[7] When the Tanolis were defeated, they migrated further eastwards and crossed the Indus River and settled on the eastern bank of the Indus River, capturing the territory and naming it after their tribe.[6] In the 18th and early 19th centuries, two of the main Tanoli clans, the Hindwal and the Pallal, fell into a feud and had a bitter struggle[citation needed]. The Hindwal clan gradually began to gain ascendancy under the command of their chief, Mir Gul Muhammad Khan[citation needed]. Gul Muhammad Khan was blessed with three sons: Haibat Khan, Mast Khan and Behram Khan. After the death of Gul Muhammad Khan in 1772, the eldest son Haibat Khan (grandfather of Mir Painda Khan; well known in the history of the Tanolis) was declared to be the chief of the Tanoli Hindwal Tribe in Upper Tanawal, whereas, Mast Khan established his Khanate at Pakhli Mansehra with headquarter at Gandhian[citation needed]Mir Painda Khan of the Hindwal clan successfully united all Tanolis into one entity[citation needed], which eventually became the princely state of Amb.[7] Mir Painda Khan also took the valley of Agror in 1833[8] The Swatis appealed to Sardar Hari Singh, who was unable to help them, but in 1841[9] Hari Singhs successor restored Agror to Atta Muhammad, a descendant of the Mullah or Akhund Sad-ud-din.[10] In 1828, Painda Khan gave the territory of Phulra as an independent Khanate to his younger brother Maddad Khan[citation needed]. This was later recognised by the British as a self-governing princely state[citation needed]. The Amb State lasted until 1969, with its primary capital at Darband, and summer capital at Shergarh.[6][11] Amb and the adjacent areas have a significant history supposedly reaching back to the invasion of the region by Alexander the Great. The following excerpts taken from Memoranda on the India Estates[12] suggest that: “Amb and surrounding areas have a long history which can be traced to the time of the invasion of the region by Alexander the Great. Arrian, Alexander’s historian, did not indicate the exact location of Embolina, but since it is known that Aoronos was on the right bank of the River Indus, the town chosen to serve as Alexander’s base of supplies may with good reason be also looked for there. The mention in Ptolemy’s Geography of Embolina as a town of Indo-Scythia situated on the Indus supports this theory . The Memoranda continues: “In 1854 General James Abbott, the British frontier officer from whom Abbottabad, administrative centre of Hazara, takes its name, discussed the location of Aornos on the Mahaban range south of Buner. He proposed, as M. Court, one of Ranjit Singh’s French generals, had done before him in 1839, to recognize Embolina in the village of Amb situated on the right bank of the Indus. This is the place from which the Nawabs of Amb took their title . The construction of the Tarbela Dam reservoir in the early 1970s submerged Darband[citation needed], capital of the former state of Amb, under water. Descent legend Some Tanolis claim that they are Bani-Israil[citation needed]. Some Tanolis believe they belong to the Ghilzai Super-Tribe(?) of the Batani tribal confederation of Pakhtuns[citation needed]. Some writers portray the Tanolis as Mughal Barlas of Turkic origin (Turco-Mongols). The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China and Australasia (1841) may have been the first to discuss this theory about the descent of the Tanolis in the following words: There is one chief who, though not a Eusofzye, yet from his position in the midst of, and intimate connection with, the Eusofzyes, and his singular history and character, must not be omitted in a description of the Eusofzye country. Painda Khan, of Tanawul, is a Mogul of the Birlas tribe, the same from which the Ameer Timoor (Timurid dynasty) was descended. All record of the first settlement in Tanawul of his family is lost, and it has long ago broken off all connections with other branches of the Birlas, which are still to be found in Turkestan.[13] . This theory was then further advanced by The Imperial Gazetteer of India[14][15] and the Sikh records of the region.[16] British assessments The Tanoli were counted among the martial races[citation needed], an ideology based on the assumption that certain ethnic groups are inherently more militarily inclined than others[citation needed]. It was a term originally used by the British, who observed that the Scottish Highlanders were more fierce in battle than others[citation needed] in Britain, and extended this concept to India[citation needed]. The Tanolis have by close proximity adopted many Pashtun customs and take much pride in their dress, their Hindko language and appearance[citation needed]. The Tanolis support themselves almost exclusively by agriculture[citation needed], and their principal food is unleavened bread with buttermilk and butter[citation needed]; but fowls, eggs, fish, and game are also articles of diet[citation needed]. Of those who live in the hills, many are as fair as Dutch[citation needed], with eyes of light hazel or greyish blue, and frequently brown hair and reddish beards. Those who live on the low-lying lands near the Indus are darker[citation needed]. All are stout and active men, and have the reputation of being good soldiers[citation needed]. They are hardy and simple in their habits, generally free from the vices of thieving and debauchery; but credulous, obstinate, and unforgiving[citation needed]. Religiously, they are overwhelmingly Muslims of the Sunni sect.[17] Tanoli resistance against the Sikhs Mir Painda Khan, a renowned Tanoli Chief, who is famed for his rebellion against Maharaja Ranjit Singhs governors of Hazara, united the Tanolis under his authority. Painda Khan played a considerable part in the history of his time and vigorously opposed the Sikhs.[18] From about 1813, Painda Khan conducted a lifelong rebellion against the Sikhs. Hari Singh Nalwa, the Sikh Governor of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Hazara, took the initiative during his governorship of setting up forts at strategic locations to keep Painda Khan in check. George Scott in his book Afghan and Pathan: A Sketch mentions Painda Khans struggle against the Sikhs in the following words: Painda Khan, the Silent Chief held sway and spent most of his days making unexpected attacks on Sikhs outposts and detachments. When intending to start on a raid he gave one order: Saddle my charger. It was a signal for his horsemen to don their armour and mount, and to follow their leader as he drove his horse into the river and swam him across, the rest following.[2] Painda Khans rebellion against the Sikh empire cost him a major portion of his fiefdom, leaving only the tract around Amb[19] This increased his resistance against the Sikh government. Eventually, General Dhaurikal Singh, commanding officer of the Sikh troops in Hazara, unable to subdue Painda Khan, hatched a conspiracy and had Painda Khan poisoned to death in September 1844[citation needed]. Painda Khan is still revered in Hazara today for his role as a freedom fighter[citation needed]. Major James Abbott[20] commented that During the first period of Painda Khans career, he was far too vigorous and powerful to be molested by any neighbouring tribe, and when he began to fail before the armies and purse of the Sikh Government, he was interested in keeping upon the best terms with his northern neighbours of the Black Mountains and to whom he allowed the privilege of pasture in the small Tupa of Turrowra. He is further described by him as, a Chief renowned on the Border, a wild and energetic man who was never subjugated by the Sikhs..[21] Mir Jehandad Khan, son of Mir Painda Khan, also fought hard against the Sikhs. It was said, Of all the tribal chiefs of Hazara, the most powerful [was] said to be Jehandad Khan of the Tanoli Tribe.[5] When Sikh power was on the decline in 1845 Jehandad Khan blockaded the garrisons of no less than 22 Sikh posts in Upper Tanawal, and when they surrendered at discretion, he spared their lives, as the servants of a fallen Empire. The act, however, stood him afterwards in good stead; for, when Hazara was assigned to Maharaja Golab Singh, that politic ruler rewarded Jehandad Khans humanity with the jagir of Koolge and Badnuck in Lower Tannowul.[22] Hari Singh, a Sikh ruler of Hazara from 1822 to 1837, inflicted severe chastisement on the Tanolis. Shingri, the headquarters of Sarbuland Khan, the Pallal Tanoli chief, was burnt, and the chief himself defeated near Banda Loharan, his son Sher Khan being slain by Hari Singh with his own hand.[23] Tanoli relations with the British Empire The British Empires first contact with the Tanolis was an unpleasant one, as in 1852, Jehandad Khan was summoned by the President of the Board of Administration in relation to an enquiry into the murder of two British officers supposedly in his lands,[citation needed] but he managed to show his innocence and consolidate his position with the British administration. The British Government thereafter considered Upper Tanawal a chiefship held under the British Government, but in which, as a rule, they only possessed limited internal jurisdiction. The Chief managed his own people in his own way without direct regard to British laws, rules or system, unless these were in major conflict[citation needed]. Thus, this tenure resembled that on which the Chiefs of Patiala, Jhind, Nabha, Kapurthala and others held their lands.[24] After the death of Mir Jehandad Khan, who had been given the temporary and personal title of Nawab by the British government, the title was given formally and in perpetuity to his descendants of Amb state until 1972. The head of the smaller state of Phulra was designated as Khan[citation needed]. Thereafter the Amb and Phulra Tanoli families continued to rule their respective areas under overall British suzerainty until 1947, when an independent Pakistan emerged on the map of Asia[citation needed]. Role in the Kashmir Conflict of 1947-48 Question book-new.svg This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan sent an army of 1500 Amb State soldiers[citation needed] to take part in the Kashmir Liberation Movement from 1947 to 1948 (Kashmir Conflict)[citation needed]. The Amb State force carried its own artillery to the battle. They fought bravely alongside other frontier tribesmen and came under fire by the Indian air force just three kilometers from Baramulla sector. Around 200 Amb State soldiers lost their lives in the battle. Language Question book-new.svg This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) In most of the Hazara region, the language of the Tanolis is Hindko. Those living in Afghanistan, of course, speak Pashto just as the local Pushtuns do[citation needed]. Tanolis living in other parts of Pakistan have adopted Urdu as an additional language due to its status as the national language, as is the case with all other native ethnicities of Pakistan. Tanoli Marriage Customs H.A Rose in his book Glossary of The Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (1919) at page 231 describes the Tanolis Marriage Customs as Pathan observances in the following words: Among the Tanaulis a near relation of the boy, such as his father, uncle, brother or maternal uncle, with some other persons, goes to the girls house to arrange the betrothal. If her parents agree to it, the head of the jirga is given sharbat first and his companions after him. The nikah ceremony called Ijab-kabul is also performed. The nai and dam are each paid one rupee. Sometimes the jirga takes one or two suits of clothes for the girl with them, but sometimes the clothes are sent after the betrothal. For fixing the day of the marriage, the boys father, uncle or other relation goes to the house of the girls parents. If they demand anything for the wedding expenses such as rice, wheat, ghi, gur, mehndi, etc., these are paid before the day for it is fixed. The day for the wedding is usually Thursday or Friday. The marriage party is fed by the girls parents, but often at the expense of the bridegrooms parents, but sometimes the former feed them at their own expense. Neondra is also levied by the girls parents from those invited by them to the wedding; similarly when the boys parents feed the men invited by them, they also levy neundra. The amount however is not fixed. The nikkah is performed in the girls house. At the time of the nikkah the money demanded by the girls father is put into a Thal but the jirga usually reduces its amount. Resistance is very rarely offered to the marriage party. The girls parents give clothes to the bridegrooms relations. The dower given to the bride by her parents is shown to the people. Part of it is sent with her when she is taken away and part is given her when she returns to her parents house. The mullah who performs the nikah is given one rupee.[25] Hereditary Tanoli rulers of Amb Princely State Tenure Rulers of Amb (Tanawal)[26] unknown date - 1772 (Mir) Gul Muhammad Khan (Father of Haibat Khan, Mast Khan and Behram Khan) 1772 - 1803 (Mir) Haibat Khan 1803 - 1805 (Mir) Hashim Ali Khan (son of the above and brother of the following) 1805 - 1809 (Mir) Nawab Khan 1809–1844 (Mir) Painda Khan 1844–1868 (Nawab) Jahandad Khan 1868–1907 (Nawab) Muhammad Akram Khan 1907 - 26 February 1936 (Nawab) Khanizaman Khan 26 February 1936 - 1971 (Nawab) Muhammad Farid Khan 1971–1972 (Nawab) Muhammad Saeed Khan 1972/73 (Nawabzada) Salahuddin Saeed Khan[27] Sub-tribes The Hindwal and Pallal are the major divisions of the tribe. The further sub–divisions of the tribe are:[28] Hindwal[28] Romal Haibat Khel Mastkhel Jamal Charyal Khel, Ledhyal Khel, Abdwal Khel, Saryal Khel, Lalal Khel, Hedral Khel, Baizal Khel, Jalwal Khel, Bohal Khel Tekral Khel, Ansal Khel, Masand Khel, Rains Khel Pallal[28] Labhya Khel (Suba Khani), Matyal Khel, Bainkaryal Khel, Dairal Khel Sadhal Khel, Judhal Khel, Baigal Khel, Tekral Khel Asnal Khel, Masand Khel, Rains Khel Bhujal[28] Some other notable Tanolis Feroz Khan Feroz Khan Sanjay Khan, Fardeen Khan, Zayed Khan, Indian film actors Akbar Khan, Indian film actor, screenwriter, producer and director Subedar Shah Zaman Khan IDSM, soldier of the British Indian Army. References Jump up ^ ,Lethbridge, Roper (1893), The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire, London: Macmillan, p. 328 ^ Jump up to: a b Scott (1929), pp. 71-72. Jump up ^ Bernhard Dorn,History of The Afghanspart-II, The Oriental Translation Committee, London, 1836, pp.49 Jump up ^ Dr Sher Bahadur Panni, Tarikh i Hazara (Urdu) 2nd ed. pub. Peshawar, 1969, pp. 103-122 ^ Jump up to: a b Allen (2001), p. 139. ^ Jump up to: a b c Rose (1919), p. 256. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ibbetson, D 1916, Punjab castes: races, castes and tribes of the people of punjab, reprint 1981, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, pp.92-93 Jump up ^ Hazara Gazetteer 1883, p.28 Jump up ^ Charles Francis Massy, Chiefs and families of note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat, p. 435 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 5, p. 92. Jump up ^ Major Wace. Settlement Report of Hazara. 1872 Jump up ^ Memoranda on the India Estates, Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1934, pp. 150–153 Jump up ^ The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia. Published by Parbury, Allen, and Co., 1841, Item notes: v. 39, Original from the New York Public Library, Digitized 1 Apr 2008, pg 220-224 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 23, Singhbhum to Trashi-Chod-Zong, p. 219. 1908, by Sir William Wilson Hunter of the India Office of Great Britain, edited by Henry Frowde, publisher to the University of Oxford, Jump up ^ Wikeley (19--). Jump up ^ Maharaja Kharak Singh, June 27, 1839-November 5, 1840: select records preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi By Fauja Singh, National Archives of India Published by Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, 1977 Original from the University of California Digitized 12 Feb 2009 458 pages Jump up ^ The People of India: A Series of Photographic Illustrations, with Descriptive Letterpress, of the Races and Tribes of Hindustan, Originally Prepared Under the Authority of the Government of India, and Reproduced by Order of the Secretary of State for India in Council. John Forbes Watson, John William Kaye, Meadows Taylor, Great Britain. India Office Published by India museum, 1872 Item notes: v. 5 Jump up ^ Burns (1908), p. 219. Jump up ^ Hussain Khan (2003). iUniverse. ed. Chronicles of Early Janjuas. p. 27. ISBN 0-595-28096-X. (it cites The Gazetteer of North-West Frontier Province, 138 as its source). According to this newer work, the Tanolis are neither Turks nor Afghans but a branch of the Janjua Rajput tribe Jump up ^ Deputy Commissioner and Superintendent of the British Government, Hazara from 1849 to 1853, from whom the administrative capital of Hazara, Abbottabad, takes its name Jump up ^ A Collection of Papers relating to the History, Status and Powers of The Nawab of Amb, pg 58, Published 1874, Punjab Secretariat, Lahore Jump up ^ In a letter dated; Peshawar, 10 December 1858, from Lt. Col. H. B. Edwards, Commissioner and Supdt, Peshawar Division, to the Financial Commissioner of the Punjab. extracted from A Collection of Papers relating to the History, Status and Powers of The Nawab of Amb, pg. 83, Published 1874, Punjab Secretariat Jump up ^ Hazara District Gazetteer 1883, pp.27-28 Jump up ^ letter dated 21 March 1863. From T. D. Forsyth, Officiating Secretary to the Government Punjab to Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign Department, Collection of Papers Relating To The HISTORY, STATUS AND POWERS Of THE CHIEF OF AMB, 97 Pages, Published 1874, Punjab Secretariat, pg. 58 Jump up ^ Rose (1919), p. 231. Jump up ^ Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. Pakistan Princely States. Retrieved 2007-10-03. Jump up ^ Pakistan Election Commission - Unique Stats: ecp.gov.pk/content/uniquestats.html[dead link] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wikeley (19--), pp. 159-161. Sources Allen, Charles (2001), Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-west Frontier, New York: Abacus, ISBN 0-349-11456-0. Bonarjee, P. D. (1899), A Handbook of Fighting Races of India, Calcutta: Thacker Spink (fasc. 1975, New Delhi: Asian Publication Services). Burns, Richard, ed. (1908), Imperial Gazetteer of India 23 (new ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Dorn, Bernhard (1836), History of the Afghans: translated from the Persian of Niamat Ullah, London: Oriental Translation Fund for Great-Britain and Ireland Lethbridge, Roper (1893), The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire, London: Macmillan (fasc. 2001 New York: Elibron/Adamant). Rose, H. A. (1919 (reproduced by Surjeet Anand, 1980)), Glossary of The Tribes and Castes of The Punjab and The North-West Frontier Province, Delhi: Amar Prakashan Check date values in: |date= (help) Scott, George Batley (1929), Afghan and Pathan: A Sketch, London: Mitre Press. Watson, H. D., ed. (1883/4), Gazeteer of Hazara District, London: Chatto & Windus Check date values in: |date= (help). Wikeley, J. M. (19--) Punjabi Musalmans. Lahore, The Book House (19--), ibsn: 978-8185475351 Subject: Muslims—India; Punjab—History, Possible copyright status: Not in copyright, Language: English, Call number: ABU-5769, Digitizing sponsor: MSN, Book contributor: Robarts - University of Toronto, Collection: Toronto.
Posted on: Tue, 11 Nov 2014 09:09:27 +0000
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