International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders. International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of that factor of production and thus embody it. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor, the United States imports goods that were produced with Chinese labor. One report in 2010 suggested that international trade was increased when a country hosted a network of immigrants, but the trade effect was weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into their new country. International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics. For more, see The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Trading is a value added function of the economic process of a product finding its market, where specific risks are to be borne by the trader, affecting the assets being traded which will be mitigated by performing specific functions. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Models 2.1 Adam Smiths model 2.2 Ricardian model 2.3 Heckscher-Ohlin model 2.3.1 Reality and Applicability of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model 2.4 New Trade Theory 2.5 Gravity model 2.6 Ricardian theory of international trade (modern development) 2.6.1 Contemporary theories 2.6.2 Neo-Ricardian trade theory 2.6.3 Traded intermediate goods 2.6.4 Ricardo-Sraffa trade theory 2.6.5 International Production Fragmentation Trade Theory 3 Largest countries by total international trade 4 Top traded commodities (exports) 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Data 8.1.1 Official statistics 8.1.2 Other data sources 8.2 Other external links History[edit] Roman trade with India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1st century CE. Main article: Timeline of international trade The history of international trade chronicles notable events that have affected the trade between various countries. In the era before the rise of the nation state, the term international trade cannot be literally applied, but simply means trade over long distances; the sort of movement in goods which would represent international trade in the modern world. Models[edit] The following are noted models of international trade. Adam Smiths model[edit] Adam Smith displays trade taking place on the basis of countries exercising absolute advantage over one another.[3][4] Ricardian model[edit] The law of comparative advantage was first proposed by David Ricardo. The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage, which arises due to differences in technology or natural resources. The Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country. The Ricardian model makes the following assumptions: Labor is the only primary input to production The relative ratios of labor at which the production of one good can be traded off for another differ between countries and governments Heckscher-Ohlin model[edit] Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model In the early 1900s a theory of international trade was developed by two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. This theory has subsequently been known as the Heckscher-Ohlin model (H-O model). The results of the H-O model are that countries will produce and export goods that require resources (factors) which are relatively abundant and import goods that require resources which are in relative short supply. In the Heckscher-Ohlin model the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, such as the Leontief paradox, were noted in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor-intensive goods despite having an abundance of capital. The H-O model makes the following core assumptions: Labor and capital flow freely between sectors The amount of labor and capital in two countries differ (difference in endowments) Technology is the same among countries (a long-term assumption) Tastes are the same. Reality and Applicability of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model[edit] In 1953, Wassily Leontief published a study in which he tested the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory.[5] The study showed that the U.S was more abundant in capital compared to other countries, therefore the U.S would export capital-intensive goods and import labor-intensive goods. Leontief found out that the U.Ss exports were less capital intensive than its imports. After the appearance of Leontiefs paradox, many researchers tried to save the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, either by new methods of measurement, or by new interpretations. Leamer[6] emphasized that Leontief did not interpret H-O theory properly and claimed that with a right interpretation, the paradox did not occur. Brecher and Choudri[7] found that, if Leamer was right, the American workers consumption per head should be lower than the workers world average consumption.[8][9] Many textbook writers, including Krugman and Obstfeld and Bowen, Hollander and Viane, are negative about the validity of H-O model.[10][11] After examining the long history of empirical research, Bowen, Hollander and Viane concluded: Recent tests of the factor abundance theory [H-O theory and its developed form into many-commodity and many-factor case] that directly examine the H-O-V equations also indicate the rejection of the theory.[11]:321 In the specific factors model, labor mobility among industries is possible while capital is assumed to be immobile in the short run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a short-run version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the assumption that in the short run, specific factors of production such as physical capital are not easily transferable between industries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of production specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of production (i.e., labor and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labor. Conversely, both owners of capital and labor profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade. New Trade Theory[edit] Main article: New Trade Theory New Trade Theory tries to explain empirical elements of trade that comparative advantage-based models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and productivity levels, and the large amount of multinational production (i.e. foreign direct investment) that exists. New Trade theories are often based on assumptions such as monopolistic competition and increasing returns to scale. One result of these theories is the home-market effect, which asserts that, if an industry tends to cluster in one location because of returns to scale and if that industry faces high transportation costs, the industry will be located in the country with most of its demand, in order to minimize cost. Although new trade theory can explain the growing trend of trade volumes of intermediate goods, Krugmans explanation depends too much on the strict assumption that all firms are symmetrical, meaning that they all have the same production coefficients. Shiozawa, based on much more general model, succeeded in giving a new explanation on why the traded volume increases for intermediate goods when the transport cost decreases.[12] Gravity model[edit] Main article: Gravity model of trade The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Ricardian theory of international trade (modern development)[edit] The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage became a basic constituent of neoclassical trade theory. Any undergraduate course in trade theory includes a presentation of Ricardos example of a two-commodity, two-country model. A common representation of this model is made using an Edgeworth Box. This model has been expanded to many-country and many-commodity cases. Major general results were obtained by McKenzie[13][14] and Jones,[15] including his famous formula. It is a theorem about the possible trade pattern for N-country N-commodity cases. Contemporary theories[edit] Ricardos idea was even expanded to the case of continuum of goods by Dornbusch, Fischer, and Samuelson[16] This formulation is employed for example by Matsuyama[17] and others. These theories use a special property that is applicable only for the two-country case. Neo-Ricardian trade theory[edit] Inspired by Piero Sraffa, a new strand of trade theory emerged and was named neo-Ricardian trade theory. The main contributors include Ian Steedman (1941–) and Stanley Metcalfe (1946–). They have criticized neoclassical international trade theory, namely the Heckscher-Ohlin model on the basis that the notion of capital as primary factor has no method of measuring it before the determination of profit rate (thus trapped in a logical vicious circle).[18] This was a second round of the Cambridge capital controversy, this time in the field of international trade.[19] The merit of neo-Ricardian trade theory is that input goods are explicitly included. This is in accordance with Sraffas idea that any commodity is a product made by means of commodities. The limitation of their theory is that the analysis is restricted to small-country cases. Traded intermediate goods[edit] Ricardian trade theory ordinarily assumes that the labor is the unique input. This is a great deficiency as trade theory, for intermediate goods occupy the major part of the world international trade. Yeats[20] found that 30% of world trade in manufacturing involves intermediate inputs. Bardhan and Jafee[21] found that intermediate inputs occupy 37 to 38% of U.S. imports for the years 1992 and 1997, whereas the percentage of intrafirm trade grew from 43% in 1992 to 52% in 1997. McKenzie[22] and Jones[23] emphasized the necessity to expand the Ricardian theory to the cases of traded inputs. In a famous comment McKenzie (1954, p. 179) pointed that A moments consideration will convince one that Lancashire would be unlikely to produce cotton cloth if the cotton had to be grown in England.[24] Paul Samuelson[25] coined a term Sraffa bonus to name the gains from trade of inputs. Ricardo-Sraffa trade theory[edit] Economist John S. Chipman observed in his survey that McKenzie stumbled upon the questions of intermediate products and postulated that introduction of trade in intermediate product necessitates a fundamental alteration in classical analysis.[26] It took many years until Y. Shiozawa[27] succeeded in removing this deficiency. The Ricardian trade theory was now constructed in a form to include intermediate input trade for the most general case of many countries and many goods. Chipman called this the Ricardo-Sraffa trade theory. Based on an idea of Takahiro Fujimoto,[28] who is a specialist in automobile industry and a philosopher of the international competitiveness, Fujimoto and Shiozawa developed a discussion in which how the factories of the same multi-national firms compete between them across borders.[29] International intra-firm competition reflects a really new aspect of international competition in the age of so-called global competition. International Production Fragmentation Trade Theory[edit] Fragmentation and International Trade Theory widens the scope for application of Ricardian comparative advantage. [30] In his chapter entitled Li & Fung, Ltd.: An agent of global production (2001), Cheng used Li & Fong Ltd as a case study in the international production fragmentation trade theory through which producers in different countries are allocated a specialized slice or segment of the value chain of the global production. Allocations are determined based on on technical feasibility and the ability to keep the lowest final price possible for each product. [31] An example of fragmentation theory in international trade is Li & Fungs garment sector network with yarn purchased in South Korea, woven and dyed in Taiwan, the fabric cut in Bangladesh, pieces assembled in Thailand and the final product sold in the United States and Europe to major brands.[32] In 1995 Li & Fung Ltd purchased Inchcape Buying Services, an established British trading company and widely expanded production in Asia.[31] Li & Fung supplies dozens of major retailers, including Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., branded as Walmart. Largest countries by total international trade[edit] Volume of world merchandise exports Main articles: List of countries by exports and List of countries by imports Rank Country International Trade of Goods (Billions of USD) Date of information - World 36,688.0 2012 est. - European Union 4,469.3 2012 est. 1 United States 3,882.7 2012 est. 2 China 3,867.1 2012 est. 3 Germany 2,575.5 2012 est. 4 Japan 1,684.7 2012 est. 5 Netherlands 1,247.8 2012 est. 6 France 1,243.8 2012 est. 7 United Kingdom 1,164.9 2012 est. 8 South Korea 1,067.5 2012 est. 9 Italy 988.1 2012 est. 10 Hong Kong 952.0 2012 est. 11 Canada 917.3 2012 est. 12 Belgium 884.6 2012 est. 13 Russia 864.7 2012 est. 14 Singapore 788.1 2012 est. 15 India 782.6 2012 est. 16 Mexico 751.2 2012 est. 17 Spain 629.3 2012 est. 18 Taiwan 571.7 2012 est. 19 Saudi Arabia 543.5 2012 est. 20 Australia 517.7 2012 est. Rank Country International Trade of Services (Billions of USD) Date of information - World 8,452.6 2012 est. - European Union 1,465.8 2012 est. 1 United States 1,019.7 2012 est. 2 Germany 539.7 2012 est. 3 China 471.0 2012 est. 4 United Kingdom 453.9 2012 est. 5 France 379.2 2012 est. 6 Japan 313.4 2012 est. 7 India 272.8 2012 est. 8 Singapore 250.1 2012 est. 9 Spain 229.3 2012 est. 10 South Korea 214.2 2012 est. Source : stat.wto.org/StatisticalProgram/WSDBStatProgramSeries.aspx?Language=E&subtopic=bp;bc WTO. Top traded commodities (exports)[edit] Rank Commodity Value in US$(000) Date of information 1 Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc. $2,183,079,941 2012 2 Electrical, electronic equipment $1,833,534,414 2012 3 Machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers, etc. $1,763,371,813 2012 4 Vehicles other than railway $1,076,830,856 2012 5 Plastics and articles thereof $470,226,676 2012 6 Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc. apparatus $465,101,524 2012 7 Pharmaceutical products $443,596,577 2012 8 Iron and steel $379,113,147 2012 9 Organic chemicals $377,462,088 2012 10 Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc. $348,155,369 2012 Source: International Trade Centre[33] See also[edit] Borderless selling Columbian Exchange Commercial Revolution Commissions of the Danube River Customs union Ecological Economics Free trade Free trade area Gravity model of trade Import (international trade) International business International trade law Internationalization Market Segmentation Index Mercantilism Monopolistic competition in international trade Most favoured nation clause OPEC Political risk Protectionism Single Window System Trade Adjustment Assistance Trade bloc Trade facilitation Trade finance TradeRoots United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Vermeers Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World Lists List of countries by current account balance List of countries by imports List of countries by exports List of international trade topics List of economists Notes[edit] Jump up ^ dictionary.reference Jump up ^ Kusum Mundra (October 18, 2010). Immigrant Networks and U.S. Bilateral Trade: The Role of Immigrant Income. papers.ssrn. Retrieved 2011-09-01. Mundra, Kusum, Immigrant Networks and U.S. Bilateral Trade: The Role of Immigrant Income. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5237. Available at SSRN: ssrn/abstract=1693334 ... this paper finds that the immigrant network effect on trade flows is weakened by the increasing level of immigrant assimilation. Jump up ^ ABSOLUTE AND COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE. INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2ND EDITION. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2009-05-04. Jump up ^ Marrewijk, Charles van (2007-01-18). absolute advantage. Department of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam:world economy. Princeton University Press. Retrieved 2009-05-03. Jump up ^ Leontief, W. W. (1953). Domestic Production and Foreign Trade: The American Capital Position Re-examined. Proceedings American Philosophical Society 97: 332–349. Jump up ^ Leamer, E.E. (1980). The Leontief Paradox Reconsidered. Journal of Political Economy 88 (3): 495–503. doi:10.1086/260882. Jump up ^ Brecher; Choudri (1982). The Leontief Paradox: Continued. Journal of Political Economy 90 (4): 820–823. doi:10.1086/261092. Jump up ^ Bowen, H.P.; E.E. Leamer and L. Sveiskas (1987). A Multi-country Multi-Factor Test of the Factor Abundance Theory. American Economic Review 77: 791–809. Jump up ^ Trefler, D. (1995). The Case of Missing Trade and Other HOV Mysteries. The American Economic Review 85 (5): 1029–1046. Jump up ^ Krugman, P.R.; M. Obstfeld (1988). International Economics: Theory and Policy. Glenview: Scott, Foresman. ^ Jump up to: a b Bowen, H.P.; A. Hollander and J-M. Viane (1998). Applied International Trade Analysis. London: Macmillan Press. Jump up ^ Shiozawa, Y. (2007). A New Construction of Ricardian Trade Theory: A Many-country, Many-commodity with Intermediate Goods and Choice of Techniques. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review 3 (2): 141–187. Jump up ^ McKenzie, Lionel W. (1954). Specialization and Efficiency in the World Production. Review of Economic Studies 21 (3): 165–180. doi:10.2307/2295770. Jump up ^ McKenzie, Lionel W. (1956). Specialization in Production and the Production Possibility Locus. Review of Economic Studies 23 (3): 56–64. doi:10.2307/2296152. Jump up ^ Jones, Ronald W. (1961). Comparative Advantage and the theory of Tariffs; A Multi-Country, Multi-commodity Model. Review of Economic Studies 28 (3): 161–175. doi:10.2307/2295945. Jump up ^ Dornbusch, R.; Fischer, S.; Samuelson, P. A. (1977). Comparative Advantage, Trade, and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods. The American Economic Review 67 (5): 823–839. Jump up ^ Matsuyama, K. (2000). A Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods under Nonhomothetic Preferences: Demand Complementarities, Income Distribution, and North-South Trade. Journal of Political Economy 108 (6): 1093–1120. doi:10.1086/317684. Jump up ^ Steedman, Ian (Ed) 1979 Fundamental Issues in Trade Theory, London: MacMillan and New York: St. Martins Press. Steedman, Ian 1979 Trade Amongst Growing Economies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jump up ^ Chris Edwards (1985) The fragmented world: competing perspectives on trade, money, and crisis, London and New York: Methuen & Co. §3.2 The Sraffian Approach to Trade Theory, pp. 48–51. Jump up ^ Yeats, A., 2001, Just How Big is Global Production Sharing? in Arndt, S. and H.Kierzkowski (eds.), 2001, Fragmentation: New Production Patterns in the World Economy, (Oxford University Press, Oxford). Jump up ^ Bardhan, Ashok Deo and Jaffee, Dwight (2004), On Intra-Firm Trade and Multinationals: Foreign Outsourcing and Offshoring in Manufacturing in Monty Graham and Robert Solow (eds., The Role of Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Corporations in Economic Development. Jump up ^ McKenzie, Lionel W. 1954 Specialization and Efficiency in the World Production, Review of Economic Studies, 21(3): 165–180. See pp. 177–9. Jump up ^ Jones, Ronald W. 1961 Comparative Advantage and the theory of Trarrifs; A Multi-Country, Muti-commodity Model, Review of Economic Studies, 28(3): 161–175. See pp. 166–8. Jump up ^ Equilibrium, Trade, and Growth: Selected Papers of Lionel W. McKenzie, By Lionel W. McKenzie, Tapan Mitra, Kazuo Nishimura, Page 232. Jump up ^ Samuelson, P. (2001). A Ricardo-Sraffa Paradigm Comparing Gains from Trade in Inputs and Finished Goods. Journal of Economic Literature 39 (4): 1204–1214. doi:10.1257/jel.39.4.1204. Jump up ^ Chipman, John S. (1965). A Survey of the Theory of International Trade: Part 1, The Classical Theory. Econometrica 33 (3): 477–519 Section 1.8. doi:10.2307/1911748. Jump up ^ Shiozawa, Y. (2007). A New Construction of Ricardian Trade Theory—A Many-country, Many-commodity Case with Intermediate Goods and Choice of Production Techniques—. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review 3 (2): 141–187. Jump up ^ Fujimoto, T. 2001 The Evolution of a Manufacturing System at Toyota, Productivity Press. Fujimoto, T. 2007 Competing to Be Really, Really Good: The Behind the Scenes Drama of Capability-Building Competition in the Automobile Industry, I-House Press. Jump up ^ Fujimoto, T. and Y. Shiozawa 2011 and 2012, Inter and Intra Company Competition in the Age of Global Competition: A Micro and Macro Interpretation of Ricardian Trade Theory, Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 8(1): 1–37 (2011) and 8(2): 193–231. Jump up ^ Ronald W. Jones; Henryk Kierzkowski (2000). S. Arndt; Henryk Kierzkowski, eds. A Framework For Fragmentation in Fragmentation and International Trade. Rochester, NY and Geneva, Switzerland: Oxford University Press. ^ Jump up to: a b Cheng, Leonard K. (2001). Leonard K. Cheng, Henryk Kierzkowski, ed. Li & Fung, Ltd.: An agent of global production in Global Production and Trade in East Asia. Springer. pp. 317–323. ISBN 978-1-4613-5647-9. Jump up ^ JS Brown, S Durchslag, J Hagel III (2002). Loosening up: How process networks unlock the power of specialization. The McKinsey Quarterly (PDF|format= requires |url= (help)). Jump up ^ trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&&tradetype=E&outputoption=byproduct&productclusterlevel=HS2 References[edit] Jones, Ronald W. (1961). Compartive Advantage and the Theory of Tariffs. The Review of Economic Studies 28 (3): 161–175. doi:10.2307/2295945. McKenzie, Lionel W. (1954). Specialization and Efficiency in World Production. The Review of Economic Studies 21 (3): 165–180. doi:10.2307/2295770. Samuelson, Paul (2001). A Ricardo-Sraffa Paradigm Comparing the Gains from Trade in Inputs and Finished Goods. Journal of Economic Literature 39 (4): 1204–1214. doi:10.1257/jel.39.4.1204. External links[edit] Data[edit] Official statistics[edit] Data on the value of exports and imports and their quantities often broken down by detailed lists of products are available in statistical collections on international trade published by the statistical services of intergovernmental and supranational organisations and national statistical institutes: United Nations Commodity Trade Database WTO Statistics Portal Statistical Portal: OECD European Union International Trade in Goods Data European Union International Trade in Services Data (sub-collection of the Balance of payment statistics) European Union Exports and Imports (sub-collection of the National accounts statistics) Food and Agricultural Trade Data by FAO Brazilian Trade Data The definitions and methdological concepts applied for the various statistical collections on international trade often differ in terms of definition (e.g. special trade vs. general trade) and coverage (reporting thresholds, inclusion of trade in services, estimates for smuggled goods and cross-border provision of illegal services). Metadata providing information on definitions and methods are often published along with the data. Other data sources[edit] Resources for data on trade, including the gravity model Asia-Pacific Trade Agreements Database (APTIAD) Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT) International Trade Resources World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) Other external links[edit] The Expected Benefits of Trade Liberalization for World Income and Development: Opening the Black Box of Global Trade Modeling by Antoine Bouët (2008) The McGill Faculty of Law runs a Regional Trade Agreements Database that contains the text of almost all preferential and regional trade agreements in the world. ptas.mcgill.ca Interactive Ricardian Model Simulator Consumers for World Trade Education Fund electronic trade library International trade, Encyclopædia Britannica Benefits of International Trade Should trade be considered a human right? Penn Program on Regulations Import Safety Page Historical documents on international trade, finance, and economics available on FRASER Ott, Mack (2008). International Capital Flows. In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267. [hide] v t e International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export-oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Trade justice Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund (IMF) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization (WTO) International Trade Centre Economic integration Free trade zone Trade barrier Trade bloc Trade pact Schools of thought Economic nationalism Free trade Mercantilism Protectionism Customs unions ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAEC EU GCC Mercosur SACU WAEMU Trading partners Argentina Canada China European Union India Japan Pakistan United States South Korea Category Commons Categories: International tradeInternational economicsOfficial statistics Every christian who will win must face challenges. Wakati ngoyita mubulumi, togwamu manyi naye situla okukirizakwo, Saba tokowa, era togwamu suubi. Psalms23:4. Where you can not explain to people to know what you are going through, keep quiet for the Lord is going to explain to them through the great things Hes gonna do for you. Even when people do not see any wisdom in you, time will come when they will see wisdom in you and even start inquiring from you, Daniel 3:13
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