Introduction to Linux and VI text editor: As we are going to be - TopicsExpress

Introduction to Linux and VI text editor: As we are going to be programmers, we will be using linux for writing and executing C programs. As linux is open source and can be customized as per the user will. Linux operating System has a beautiful graphical user interface which most of us will be using. It will be good to learn the basic commands in linux to work interactively with the linux operating system. Linux has a back end access known as shell. You can control and activate all the process in linux from the shell. So it is very important to learn few basic commands to work with Linux operating system. First we will learn how to login for shell access. There are 7 terminals for linux. 6 terminals are non-GUI terminals and 1 terminal for GUI access. You can login to each terminal using ALT+CTRL+F1,F2,…F7. Each terminal will request your username and password for login. If you want to use the shell in the graphical user interface, press ALT+F2 and type “Konsole”. As a user you will have permission to access only your /home/user directory and other directories in it. Basic commands in Linux: apropos: Search through the Help manual pages apt-get: Install and search for software packages aspell: Spell checker awk: It lets you find text and replace it basename: Strips suffixes off files and directories bash: GNU Bourne-Again Shell bc: Arbitrary precision calculator language bg: Sends to the background break: Exit from a loop builtin: Run a shell builtin bzip2: Compresses or decompresses files cal: Displays calendar case: Perform a command conditionally cat: Displays the content of the files after concatenation cd: Change Directory cfdisk: Partition table manipulator chgrp: Changes the ownership of a group chmod: Changes the access permissions chown: Changes the owner and group of a file chroot: Run a command, but with a different root directory cksum: It displays the CRC checksum ad byte counts clear: Clears the terminal screen cmp: Compares two files comm: Compares two sorted files line by line continue: Resumes the next iteration of a particular loop cp: Makes a copy of files to a different location cron: Executes scheduled commands crontab: Schedules a command that will run at a specified time csplit: Splits a file into context-determined pieces date: Changes the date and time dc: Desk Calculator ddrescue: Disk recovery tool declare: Declares the variables and gives attributes df: Gives the free space on your disk diff: Prints the differences between two files dig: Looks up the DNS dir: Lists directory contents briefly dirname: Changes a full pathname into just a path dirs: Shows you the list of directories that are remembered du: Get an estimation of the file space usage echo: Displays message on the screen egrep: Searches for files that have lines matching an extended expression enable: Disable/enable bulletin shell commands ethtool: Ethernet card settings eval: Evaluates many commands exec: Executes a command exit: Exiting the shell expand: Converts all the tabs to spaces export: Sets an environment variable expr: Evaluates expressions false: Do nothing, unsuccessfully fdformat: Perform low level format of a floppy disk fdisk: Partition table manipulator for Linux systems fg: Sends a task to the foreground fgrep: Searches through files for tasks that match a string file: Determines the file type find: Find files that match a desired criteria fmt: Reformats paragraph text fold: Wraps text in order to fit a certain width format: Formats tapes/disks free: Reveals the memory usage fsck: Checks the consistency of the file system and repairs it fuser: Identifies and kills the process accessing a file gawk: Finds text within files and replaces it getopts: Parse positional parameters grep: Searches in files for lines matching a certain pattern groupadd: Adds security user groups groupdel: Deletes a certain group groupmod: Modifies a group groups: Prints the names of groups in which a user is located gzip: Compresses/decompresses files hash: Complete pathname of a name argument head: Outputs the first part of files history: Command History hostname: Print/set system name iconv: Converts the character set in files id: Displays the group ids/user ids if: Conditional command ifconfig: Configures network interfaces ifdown: Stops a network interface ifup: Starts a network interface app import: Captures a screen and saves image in X server Install: Sets attributes and copies files jobs: Lists jobs that are active Join: Joins lines on a common field kill: Stops a process from running Killall: Kills processes by name less: Displays the output on a single screen at a time let: Performs arithmetic on shell variables link: Creates a link to another file ln: Creates a symbolic link to another file local: Creates variables locate: Finds files logname: Print the login name being used currently logout: Use this command to exit a login shell. lpc: Line Printer Control lpr: Offline print lprint: Prints a file lprintd: Aborts an ongoing print job lprintq: Lists the print queue lprm: Removes the jobs from the print queue make: Recompiles the group of programs man: Provides help on a command mkdir: Creates directories mkfifo: Makes FIFOs mknod: Creates character special files or block files more: Displays the output in a single screen at a time mount: Mounts a particular filesystem mtools: Manipulates files from MS-DOS mtr: Network diagnostics command mv: Moves and renames files and directories mmv: Mass Move and Rename netstat: Provides information on networking nice: Sets the priority of a job or a command nl: Writes files and number lines nohup: Runs a command not affected by hangups notify-send: Sends desktop notifications nslookup: Queries internet name servers interactively open: Opens a file in its default application op: Provides operator access passwd: Modifies user passwords paste: Merges lines in files pathchk: Checks the portability of a file name ping: Tests network connections pkill: Stops processes from running popd: Restores the previous value of the directory you’re currently in pr: Prepares your files for printing printcap: Printer capability database printenv: Print environment variables printf: Formats and prints data ps: Process Status pushd: Changes the directory and saves it first pwd: Print Working Directory quota: Displays the disk usage and its limits quotacheck: Lets you scan a file system to find its disk usage quotactl: Sets disk quotas ram: Ram disk device rcp: Copies files between two devices. read: Reads a line from standard input readarray: Reads from stdin into an array variable readonly: Marks the variables and functions as readonly reboot: Reboots your system rename: Renames files renice: Alters the priority of the processes running remsync: Synchronises remote files through email rev: Reverses the lines in a file rm: Removes particular files rsync: Synchronises file trees screen: Run remote shells using ssh scp: Creates a secure copy sdiff: Merges two files in a secure manner sed: Stream editor select: Accepts keyboard inputs seq: Prints numeric sequences set: Manipulates shell functions and variables sftp: Runs the secure file transfer program shift: Shifts positional parameters shopt: Shell Options shutdown: Shuts down Linux or restarts it sleep: Adds a delay slocate: Finds particular files sort: Sorts text files source: Runs commands from a file split: Breaks a file into fixed sizes ssh: Runs the remote login program strace: Traces signals and system calls su: Substitutes the user identity sudo: Executes commands as a different user suspend: Suspends the execution of the current shell sync: Synchronises data from a disk with the memory tail: Outputs only the last part of a file tar: Stores a list or extracts files in an archive tee: Redirects output into multiple files test: Evaluates conditional expressions time: Measures the running time of a program timeout: Puts a time limit on a command times: Finds the user and system times touch: Changes timestamps on a file traceroute: Trace Route to a host tr: Deletes characters, translates or squeezes them tsort: Topological sorting ulimit: Limits the user resources umask: Determines the file permission for a new file umount: Unmounts a device from the system unalias: Removes an alias uname: Prints the system information unexpand: Converts the spaces in a file to tabs uniq: Uniquify your files units: Converts the units from one scale to another unset: Removes the variable names or the function names unshar: Unpacks the shell archive scripts until: Executes a command until there is an error uptime: Shows the uptime usermod: Modifies a user account users: Gives you a list of users who are currently logged in uuencode: Encodes binary files v: Lists the contents of a directory vi: Text editor vmstat: Reports on the virtual memory statistics wait: Directs the system to wait for a process to finish watch: Displays or executes a program periodically wc: Prints the word, byte and line counts while: Executes commands who: Prints the usernames that are currently logged into the system whoami: Prints the current name and user id wget: Retrieves the web pages or files through HTTP, HTTPS or FTP write: Sends messages to other users xargs: Executes a utility and passes a constructed argument list xdg-open: Opens a URL or a file in the users preferred application yes: Prints a string until it is interrupted

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