Mithraism. The evidence points to these motifs and elements being adopted into Christianity... Thus, the following list represents not a solidified mythos or narrative of one particular Mithra or form of the god as developed in one particular culture and era but, rather, a combination of them all for ease of reference as to any possible influences upon Christianity under the name of Mitra/Mithra/Mithras. Mithra has the following in common with the Jesus character: Mithra was born on December 25th of the virgin Anahita. The babe was wrapped in swaddling clothes, placed in a manger and attended by shepherds. He was considered a great traveling teacher and master. He had 12 companions or disciples. He performed miracles. As the great bull of the Sun, Mithra sacrificed himself for world peace. He ascended to heaven. Mithra was viewed as the Good Shepherd, the Way, the Truth and the Light, the Redeemer, the Savior, the Messiah. Mithra is omniscient, as he hears all, sees all, knows all: none can deceive him. He was identified with both the Lion and the Lamb. His sacred day was Sunday, the Lords Day, hundreds of years before the appearance of Christ. His religion had a eucharist or Lords Supper. Mithra sets his marks on the foreheads of his soldiers. Mithraism emphasized baptism. December 25th Birthday The similarities between Mithraism and Christianity have included their chapels, the term father for priest, celibacy and, it is notoriously claimed, the December 25 th birthdate. Over the centuries, apologists contending that Mithraism copied Christianity nevertheless have asserted that the December 25 th birthdate was taken from Mithraism. As Sir Arthur Weigall says: December 25 th was really the date, not of the birth of Jesus, but of the sun-god Mithra. Horus, son of Isis, however, was in very early times identified with Ra, the Egyptian sun-god, and hence with Mithra... Mithras birthday on December 25th has been so widely claimed that the Catholic Encyclopedia (Mithraism) remarks: The 25 December was observed as his birthday, the natalis invicti, the rebirth of the winter-sun, unconquered by the rigours of the season. Yet this contention of Mithras birthday on December 25th or the winter solstice is disputed because there is no hard archaeological or literary evidence of the Roman Mithras specifically being named as having been born at that time. Says Dr. Alvar: There is no evidence of any kind, not even a hint, from within the cult that this, or any other winter day, was important in the Mithraic calendar. (Alvar, 410) In analyzing the evidence, we must keep in mind all the destruction that has taken place over the past 2,000 years—including that of many Mithraic remains and texts—as well as the fact that several of these germane parallels constituted mysteries that may or may not have been recorded in the first place or the meanings of which have been obscured. The claim about the Roman Mithrass birth on Christmas is evidently based on the Calendar of Filocalus or Philocalian Calendar (c. 354 AD/CE), which mentions that December 25th represents the Birthday of the Unconquered, understood to refer to the sun and taken to indicate Mithras as Sol Invictus. Whether it represents Mithrass birthday specifically or merely that of Emperor Aurelians Sol Invictus, with whom Mithras has been identified, the Calendar also lists the day—the winter solstice birth of the sun—as that of natus Christus in Betleem Iudeae: Birth of Christ in Bethlehem Judea. Moreover, it would seem that there is more to this story, as Aurelian was the first to institute officially the winter solstice as the birthday of Sol Invictus (Dies Natalis Solis Invicti) in 274 AD/CE. (Halsberghe, 158) It is contended that Aurelians move was in response to Mithrass popularity. (Restaud, 4) One would thus wonder why the emperor would be so motivated if Mithras had nothing whatsoever to do with the sun gods traditional birthday—a disconnect that would be unusual for any solar deity. Regardless of whether or not the artifacts of the Roman Mithrass votaries reflect the attribution of the sun gods birthday to him specifically, many in the empire did identify the mysteries icon and Sol Invictus as one, evidenced by the inscriptions of Sol Invictus Mithras and the many images of Mithras and the sun together, representing two sides of the same coin or each others alter ego. Hence, the placement of Mithrass birth on this feast day of the sun is understandable and, despite the lack of concrete evidence at this date, quite plausibly was recognized in this manner in antiquity in the Roman Empire. Persian Winter Festivals In addition, it is clear that the ancient peoples from whom Mithraism sprang, long before it was Romanized, were very much involved in winter festivals so common among many other cultures globally. In this regard, discussing the Iranian month of Asiyadaya, which corresponds to November/December, Mithraic scholar Dr. Mary Boyce remarks: ...it is at this time of year that the Zoroastrian festival of Sada takes place, which is not only probably pre-Zoroastrian in origin, but may even go back to proto-Indo-European times. For Sada is a great open-air festival, of a kind celebrated widely among the Indo-European peoples, with the intention of strengthening the heavenly fire, the sun, in its winter decline and feebleness. Sun and fire being of profound significance in the Old Iranian religion, this is a festival which one would expect the Medes and Persians to have brought with them into their new lands... Sada is not, however, a feast in honour of the god of Fire, Atar, but is rather for the general strengthening of the creation of fire against the onslaught of winter. (Boyce (1982), 24-25) This ancient Persian winter festival therefore celebrates the strengthening of the fire or sun in the face its winter decline, just as virtually every winter-solstice festivity is intended to do. Yet, as Dr. Boyce says, this Zoroastrian winter celebration is likely pre-Zoroastrian and even proto-Indo-European, which means it dates back far into the hoary mists of time, possibly tens of thousands of years ago. And one would indeed expect the Medes and Persians to bring this festival with them into their new lands, including the Near East, where they would eventually encounter Romans, who could hardly have missed this common solar motif celebrated worldwide in numerous ways. The Mithraists believed that this night is the night of the birth of Mithra, Persian god of light and truth. The same may be said as concerns another Persian or Zoroastrian winter celebration called Yalda, which is the festival of the Longest Night of the Year, taking place on December 20th or the day before the solstice: Yalda has a history as long as the Mithraism religion. The Mithraists believed that this night is the night of the birth of Mithra, Persian god of light and truth. At the morning of the longest night of the year the Mithra is born from a virgin mother.... In Zoroastrian tradition, the winter solstice with the longest night of the year was an auspicious day, and included customs intended to protect people from misfortune.... The Eve of the Yalda has great significance in the Iranian calendar. It is the eve of the birth of Mithra, the Sun God, who symbolized light, goodness and strength on earth. Shab-e Yalda is a time of joy. Yalda is a Syriac word meaning birth. Mithra-worshippers used the term yalda specifically with reference to the birth of Mithra. As the longest night of the year, the Eve of Yalda (Shab-e Yalda) is also a turning point, after which the days grow longer. In ancient times it symbolized the triumph of the Sun God over the powers of darkness. (Yalda, Wikipedia) It is likely that this festival does indeed derive from remote antiquity, and it is evident that the ancient Persians were well aware of the winter solstice and its meaning as found in numerous other cultures: To wit, the annual rebirth, renewal or resurrection of the sun. Christmas is the birth not of the son of God but of the sun. In the end the effect is the same: Christmas is the birth not of the son of God but of the sun. Indeed, there is much evidence—including many ancient monumental alignments—to demonstrate that this highly noticeable and cherished event of the winter solstice was celebrated beginning hundreds to thousands of years before the common era in numerous parts of the world. The observation was thus provably taken over by Christianity, not as biblical doctrine but as a later tradition in order to compete with the Pagan cults, a move we contend occurred with numerous other Christian motifs, including many that are in the New Testament. Mithra the Rock-Born Mithras genesis out of a rock, analogous to the birth in caves of a number of gods—including Jesus in the apocryphal, non-canonical texts— was followed by his adoration by shepherds, another motif that found its way into the later Christianity. Regarding the birth in caves likewise common to pre-Christian gods, and present in the early legends of Jesus, Weigall relates (50): ...the cave shown at Bethlehem as the birthplace of Jesus was actually a rock shrine in which the god Tammuz or Adonis was worshipped, as the early Christian father Jerome tells us; and its adoption as the scene of the birth of our Lord was one of those frequent instances of the taking over by Christians of a pagan sacred site. The propriety of this appropriation was increased by the fact that the worship of a god in a cave was commonplace in paganism: Apollo, Cybele, Demeter, Herakles, Hermes, Mithra and Poseidon were all adored in caves; Hermes, the Greek Logos, being actually born of Maia in a cave, and Mithra being rock-born. As the rock-born, Mithras was called Theos ek Petras, or the God from the Rock. As Weigall also relates: Indeed, it may be that the reason of the Vatican hill at Rome being regarded as sacred to Peter, the Christian Rock, was that it was already sacred to Mithra, for Mithraic remains have been found there. Mithras was the rock, or Peter, and was also double-faced, like Janus the keyholder, likewise a prototype for the apostle Peter. Hence, when Jesus is made to say (in the apparent interpolation at Matthew 16:12) that the keys of the kingdom of heaven are given to Peter and that the Church is to be built upon Peter, as a representative of Rome, he is usurping the authority of Mithraism, which was precisely headquartered on what became Vatican Hill. Mithraic remains on Vatican Hill are found underneath the later Christian edifices, which proves the Mithra cult was there first. By the time the Christian hierarchy prevailed in Rome, Mithra had already been a popular cult, with pope, bishops, etc., and its doctrines were well established and widespread, reflecting a certain antiquity. Mithraic remains on Vatican Hill are found underneath the later Christian edifices, a fact that proves the Mithra cult was there first. In fact, while Mithraic ruins are abundant throughout the Roman Empire, beginning in the late first century AD/CE, The earliest church remains, found in Dura-Europos, date only from around 230 CE. The Virgin Mother Anahita Unlike various other rock- or cave-born gods, Mithra is not depicted in the Roman cultus as having been given birth by a mortal woman or a goddess; hence, it is claimed that he was not born of a virgin. However, a number of writers over the centuries have asserted otherwise, including several modern Persian and Armenian scholars who are apparently reflecting an ancient tradition from Near Eastern Mithraism. The worship of Mithra and Anahita, the virgin mother of Mithra, was well-known in the Achaemenian period. For example, Dr. Badi Badiozamani says that a person named Mehr or Mithra was born of a virgin named Nahid Anahita (immaculate) and that the worship of Mithra and Anahita, the virgin mother of Mithra, BCE]... [558-330 period Achaemenian the in well-known was (Badiozamani, 96) Philosophy professor Dr. Mohammed Ali Amir-Moezzi states: Dans le mithraïsme, ainsi que le mazdéisme populaire, (A)Nāhīd, mère de Mithra/Mehr, est vierge—In Mithraism, as popular Mazdaism, Anahid, the mother of Mithra, is a virgin. (Amir-Moezzi, 78-79) Comparing the rock birth with that of the virgin mother, Dr. Amir-Moezzi also says: ...il y a donc analogie entre le rocher, symbole dincorruptibilité, qui donne naissance au dieu iranien et la mère de celui-ci, Anāhīd, éternellement vierge et jeune. (...so there is analogy between the rock, a symbol of incorruptibility, giving birth to the Iranian god and the mother of that (same) one, Anahid, eternally virgin and young.) In Mithraic Iconography and Ideology (78), Dr. Leroy A. Campbell calls Anahita the great goddess of virgin purity, and Religious History professor Dr. Claas J. Bleeker says, In the Avestan religion she is the typical virgin. (Bleeker (1963), 100) One modern writer (Mithraism and Christianity) portrays the Mithra myth thus: According to Persian mythology, Mithras was born of a virgin given the title Mother of God. The Parthian princes of Armenia were all priests of Mithras, and an entire district of this land was dedicated to the Virgin Mother Anahita. Many Mithraeums, or Mithraic temples, were built in Armenia, which remained one of the last strongholds of Mithraism. The largest near-eastern Mithraeum was built in western Persia at Kangavar, dedicated to Anahita, the Immaculate Virgin Mother of the Lord Mithras. Anahita, also known as Anaitis—whose very name means Pure and Untainted and who was equated in antiquity with the virgin goddess Artemis—is certainly an Indo-Iranian goddess of some antiquity, dating back at least to the first half of the first millennium prior to the common era and enjoying widespread popularity around Asia Minor. Indeed, Anahita has been called the best known divinity of the Persians in Asia Minor. (de Jong, 268) Moreover, concerning Mithra Schaff-Herzog says, The Achaemenidae Anahita. and Ahura with great triad making the as him worshiped Ostensibly, this triad was the same as God the Father, the Virgin and Jesus, which would tend to confirm the assertion that Anahita was Mithras virgin mother. That Anahita was closely associated with Mithra at least five centuries before the common era is evident from the equation made by Herodotus (1.131) in naming Mitra as the Persian counterpart of the Near and Middle Eastern goddesses Alilat and Mylitta. (de Jong, 269-270) Moreover, Mithras prototype, the Indian Mitra, was likewise born of a female, Aditi, the mother of the gods, the inviolable or virgin dawn. Hence, we would expect an earlier form of Mithra also to possess this virgin-mother motif, which seems to have been lost or deliberately severed in the all-male Roman Mithraism. Well known to scholars, the pre-Christian divine birth and virgin mother motifs are documented in the archaeological and literary records, as verified by Dr. Marguerite Rigoglioso in The Cult of the Divine Birth in Ancient Greece and Virgin Mother Goddesses of Antiquity. For more information, see: Mithra and the Twelve The theme of the teaching god and the Twelve is found within Mithraism, as Mithra is depicted as surrounded by the 12 zodiac signs on a number of monuments and in the writings of Porphyry (4.16), for one. These 12 signs are sometimes portrayed as humans and, as they have been in the case of companions 12 Mithras called be could gods, sun numerous disciples. Regarding the Twelve, John M. Robertson says: On Mithraic monuments we find representations of twelve episodes, probably corresponding to the twelve labors in the stories of Heracles, Samson and other Sun-heroes, and probably also connected with initiation. The comparison of this common motif with Jesus and the 12 has been made on many occasions, including in an extensive study entitled, Mithras and Christ: some iconographical similarities, by Professor A. Deman in Mithraic Studies. Early Church Fathers on Mithraism Mithraism was so popular in the Roman Empire and so similar in important aspects to Christianity that several Church fathers were compelled to address it, disparagingly of course. These fathers included Justin striking these attributed of whom all Augustine, and Maternus Firmicus Julius Tertullian, Martyr, correspondences to the prescient devil. In other words, anticipating Christ, the devil set about to fool the Pagans by imitating the coming messiah. In reality, the testimony of these Church fathers confirms that these various motifs, characteristics, traditions and myths predated Christianity. Christianity took a leaf out of the devils book when it fixed the birth of the Saviour on the twenty-fifth of December. Concerning this devil did it argument, in The Worship of Nature Sir James G. Frazer remarks: If the Mithraic mysteries were indeed a Satanic copy of a divine original, we are driven to conclude that Christianity took a leaf out of the devils book when it fixed the birth of the Saviour on the twenty-fifth of December; for there can be no doubt that the day in question was celebrated as the birthday of the Sun by the heathen before the Church, by an afterthought, arbitrarily transferred the Nativity of its Founder from the sixth of January to the twenty-fifth of December. Regarding the various similarities between Mithra and Christ, as well as the defenses of the Church fathers, the author of The Existence of Christ Disproved remarks: Augustine, Firmicus, Justin, Tertullian, and others, having perceived the exact resemblance between the religion of Christ and the religion of Mithra, did, with an impertinence only to be equalled by and jealous devil, the that insist absurdity, outrageous its malignant, induced the Persians to establish a religion the exact image of Christianity that was to be—for these worthy saints and sinners of the church could not deny that the worship of Mithra preceded that of Christ—so that, to get out of the ditch, they summoned the devil to their aid, and with the most astonishing assurance, thus accounted for the striking similarity between the Persian and the Christian religion, the worship of Mithra and the worship of Christ; a mode of getting rid of a difficulty that is at once so stupid and absurd, that it would be almost equally stupid and absurd seriously to refute it. It is good practice to steer clear of all information provided by Christian writers: they are not sources, they are violent apologists. In response to a question about Tertullians discussion of the purported Mithraic forehead mark, Dr. Richard Gordon says: In general, in studying Mithras, and the other Greco-oriental mystery cults, it is good practice to steer clear of all information provided by Christian writers: they are not sources, they are violent apologists, and one does best not to believe a word they say, however tempting it is to supplement our ignorance with such stuff. (Gordon, FAQ) He also cautions about speculation concerning Mithraism and states that there is practically no limit to the fantasies of scholars, an interesting admission about the hallowed halls of academia. Priority: Mithraism or Christianity? It is obvious from the remarks of the Church fathers and from the literary and archaeological record that is no Christian The fact is that there Christianity by centuries. some form preceded in Mithraism archaeological evidence earlier than the earliest Roman Mithraic archaeological evidence and that the preponderance of evidence points to Christianity being formulated during the second century, not based on a historical personage of the early first century. As one important example, the canonical gospels as we have them do not show up clearly in the literary record until the end of the second century. Mithras pre-Christian roots are attested in the Vedic and Avestan texts, as well as by historians such as Herodotus (1.131) and Xenophon (Cyrop. viii. 5, 53 and c. iv. 24), among others. Nor is it likely that the Roman Mithras is not essentially the same as the Indian sun god Mitra and the Persian, Armenian and Phrygian Mithra in his major attributes, as well as some of his most pertinent rites. Moreover, it is erroneously asserted that because Mithraism was a mystery cult it did not leave any written record. In reality, much evidence of Mithra worship has been destroyed, including not only monuments, iconography and other artifacts, but also numerous books by ancient authors. The existence of written evidence is indicated by the Egyptian cloth manuscript from the first century BCE called, Mummy Funerary Inscription of the Priest of Mithras, Ornouphios, Son fo Artemis or MS 247. As previously noted, two of the ancient writers on Mithraism are Pallas, and Eubulus, the latter of whom, according to Jerome (Against Jovinianus, 2.14; Schaff 397), wrote the history of Mithras in many volumes. Discussing Eubulus and Pallas, Porphyry too related that there were several elaborate treatises setting forth the religion of Mithra. The writings of the early Church fathers themselves provide much evidence as to what Mithraism was all about, as do the archaeological artifacts stretching from India to Scotland. These many written volumes doubtlessly contained much interesting information that was damaging to Christianity, such as the important correspondences between the lives of Mithra and Jesus, as well as identical symbols such as the cross, and rites such as baptism and the eucharist. In fact, Mithraism was so similar to Christianity that it gave fits to the early Church fathers, as it does to this day to apologists, who attempt both to deny the similarities and yet to claim that these (non-existent) correspondences were plagiarized by Mithraism from Christianity. Regardless of attempts to make Mithraism the plagiarist of Christianity, the fact will remain that Mithraism was first. Nevertheless, the god Mithra was revered for centuries prior to the Christian era, and the germane elements of Mithraism are known to have preceded Christianity by hundreds to thousands of years. Thus, regardless of attempts to make Mithraism the plagiarist of Christianity, the fact will remain that Mithraism was first, well established in the West decades before Christianity had any significant influence. For more information and citations, see The Christ Conspiracy, Suns of God, Origins of Christianity, The ZEITGEIST Sourcebook and The Christ Myth Anthology. See also the Mithra: Pagan Christ forum discu
Posted on: Sat, 30 Nov 2013 00:24:50 +0000
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