Narendra Modi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page semi-protected NaMo redirects here. For other uses, see Namo (disambiguation). Narendra Modi Narendra D Modi.png 15th Prime Minister of India[1] Incumbent Assumed office 26 May 2014 President Pranab Mukherjee Preceded by Manmohan Singh 14th Chief Minister of Gujarat In office 7 October 2001 – 22 May 2014 Governor Sunder Singh Bhandari Kailashpati Mishra Balram Jakhar Nawal Kishore Sharma S. C. Jamir Kamla Beniwal Preceded by Keshubhai Patel Succeeded by Anandiben Patel Member of Parliament for Varanasi Incumbent Assumed office 16 May 2014 Preceded by Murli Manohar Joshi Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly for Maninagar In office 2002 – 16 May 2014 Preceded by Kamlesh Patel Personal details Born Narendra Damodardas Modi 17 September 1950 (age 63) Vadnagar, India Nationality Indian Political party Bharatiya Janata Party Spouse(s) Jashodaben Chimanlal (Child marriage; estranged) Residence 7, Race Course Road Alma mater University of Delhi Gujarat University Religion Hinduism Signature Website Official website Government website Narendra Damodardas Modi ([nəreːnd̪rə d̪ɑːmoːd̪ərəd̪ɑːs moːd̪iː] ( listen), born 17 September 1950) is the 15th and current Prime Minister of India. Modi, a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), also served as the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001–14. He is currently the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Varanasi constituency. Modi was a key strategist for the BJP in the successful 1995 and 1998 Gujarat state election campaigns. He became Chief Minister of Gujarat in October 2001 and served longer in that position than anyone else to date. Modi was a major campaign figure in the 2009 general election, which the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance lost to the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA). He led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which resulted in an outright majority for the BJP in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Indian parliament) – the last time that any party had secured an outright majority in the Lok Sabha was in 1984. Modi is a Hindu Nationalist and a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).[2][3] He is a controversial figure both within India as well as internationally[4][5][6][7] as his administration has been criticised for the incidents surrounding the 2002 Gujarat riots.[7][8] Modi has been praised for his economic policies, which are credited with creating an environment for a high rate of economic growth in Gujarat.[9] However, his administration has also been criticised for failing to make a significant positive impact upon the human development of the state.[10] Contents [hide] 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 3 Chief Minister of Gujarat 3.1 First term (2001–2002) 3.1.1 2002 Gujarat riots 3.1.2 2002 election 3.2 Second term (2002–2007) 3.2.1 2007 election 3.3 Third term (2007–2012) 3.3.1 Development projects 3.3.2 Debate on Gujarats development under Modi 3.4 Fourth term (2012–2014) 4 National government 4.1 2009 election 4.2 2014 general election 5 Prime Minister 6 International diplomacy 6.1 As chief minister of Gujarat 6.2 As Prime Minister of India 7 Personality and image 8 Awards and recognitions 9 References 10 External links Early life and education Modi with his mother on his 63rd birthday on 17 September 2013. Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers belonging to the backward Ghanchi-Teli (oil-presser) community, in Vadnagar in Mehsana district of erstwhile Bombay State (present-day Gujarat), India.[11][12][13][14] He was the third of four children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and his wife, Heeraben.[15] He helped his father sell tea at Vadnagar railway station. As a child and as a teenager, he ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus.[16][17] In 1967, he completed his schooling in Vadnagar, where a teacher described him as being an average student, but a keen debater who had an interest in theatre.[16][18] That interest has influenced how he now projects himself in politics.[19] At the age of eight, Modi came in contact with RSS and he began attending its local shakhas where he came in contact with Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who is known as his political guru and mentor. Inamdar inducted Modi as a balswayamsevak, a junior cadet in RSS. During his morning exercise session at the keri pitha shakha of RSS, he also came in contact with Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, leaders of the Jan Sangh who later founded the BJPs Gujarat state unit in 1980.[20][21][22][23][24][25] Modis parents arranged his marriage as a child, in keeping with the traditions of the Ghanchi caste. He was engaged at the age of 13 to Jashodaben Chimanlal and the couple were married by the time he was 18. They spent very little time together and were soon estranged because Modi decided to pursue an itinerant life,[16][26] and reportedly the marriage was never consummated.[27] Modi kept the marriage secret for most of his career only acknowledging the existence of his wife when filing his nomination for a parliamentary seat in the 2014 general elections.[28][29] As per Modi in Kishore Makwanas Common Man Narendra Modi, published in 2014, after leaving home at 17, he went to Ramakrishna Mission ashram in Rajkot and then to the Belur Math near Kolkata. Then he went to Guwahati and later joined another ashram set up by Swami Vivekananda in Almora, in the Himalayan foothills. Two years after, he returned to Vadnagar and after a brief halt at his house, Modi left again for Ahmedabad, where he lived and worked in a tea stall run by his uncle where he again came in contact with Lakshmanrao Inamdar who was then based at Hedgewar Bhavan, the RSS headquarters in the city.[20][21][22] He then worked in the staff canteen of Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation until he became a full–time pracharak (campaigner)[30] of the RSS in 1970.[24] In 1978, Modi graduated with an extramural degree through Distance Education in political science from Delhi University.[21][27] In 1983, while remaining as a pracharak in the RSS, completed his Masters degree in political science from Gujarat University.[18][31] He still continues to visit Belur Math occasionally[32][33] and talks about his reverence for the Ramakrishna Mission.[34] Early political career Modi became a member of the RSS after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[27] After Modi had received some RSS training in Nagpur, which was a prerequisite for taking up an official position in the Sangh Parivar, he was given charge of Sanghs student wing, Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, in Gujarat. During 1975–1977, when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of the emergency, political opponents were jailed and political organisation including RSS were banned. Modi went underground in Gujarat and to evade arrest was occasionally disguised as a Sikh, saint, elderly man etc. and printed and sent booklets against the central government to Delhi. He also organised agitations and covert distribution of the Sanghs pamphlets.[16][27][35][36] He also participated in the movement against the Emergency under Jayaprakash Narayan. He was made the general secretary of the Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti and his primary role was to co-ordinate between activists in the state.[21][37] During this period he wrote a book titled Sangharsh ma Gujarat (Gujarats struggle) in Gujarati which chronicles events, anecdotes as well as his personal experiences.[36][38][39] The RSS assigned Modi to the BJP in 1985.[24] While Shankersinh Vaghela and Keshubhai Patel were the established names in the Gujarat BJP at that time, Modi rose to prominence after organising Murli Manohar Joshis Kanyakumari-Srinagar Ekta yatra (Journey for Unity) in 1991.[16] In 1988, Modi was elected as organising secretary of BJPs Gujarat unit,[40] marking his formal entry into mainstream politics.[27] As secretary, his electoral strategy was central to BJPs victory in the 1995 state elections.[24][41][42] In November 1995, Modi was elected National Secretary of BJP and was transferred to New Delhi where he was assigned responsibility for the partys activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[41][43] Vaghela defected from the BJP after he lost the 1996 Lok Sabha elections, having previously threatened to do so in 1995.[16] Modi was promoted to the post of general secretary (Organisation) of the BJP in May 1998. While on the selection committee for the 1998 Assembly elections in Gujarat, Modi favoured supporters of Patel over those loyal to Vaghela, in an attempt to put an end to the factional divisions within the party. His strategies were credited as being key to winning the 1998 elections.[41] Chief Minister of Gujarat Then Chief Minister Modi and his cabinet ministers at a Planning Commission meet in New Delhi, 2013 In 2001, Keshubhai Patels health was failing, and the BJP had lost seats in the by-elections. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were being made, and Patels standing had been damaged by his administrations handling of the Bhuj Earthquake of 2001.[41][44][45] As a result, the BJPs national leadership sought a new candidate for the office of chief minister, and Modi, who had aired his misgivings about Patels administration, was chosen as a replacement.[16] L. K. Advani, a senior leader of the BJP, did not want to ostracise Patel and was worried about Modis lack of experience in governance. Modi declined an offer to be Patels deputy chief minister, informing Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee that he was going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all, and on 7 October 2001, Modi was appointed the Chief Minister of Gujarat, with the responsibility of preparing the BJP for elections in December 2002.[46][47] As Chief Minister, Modis ideas of governance revolved around privatisation and small government, which stood at odds with what political commentator Aditi Phadnis has described as the anti-privatisation, anti-globalisation position of the RSS.[44] First term (2001–2002) 2002 Gujarat riots Main article: 2002 Gujarat riots On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers including large numbers of Hindu pilgrims was burned near Godhra, killing around 60 people.[a] Following rumours that the fire was carried out by Muslim arsonists, anti-Muslim violence spread throughout Gujarat.[50] Estimates of the death toll ranged from 900 to over 2,000, while several thousand more people were injured.[51][52] The Modi government imposed a curfew in major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders, and called for the army to prevent the violence from escalating.[53][54] However, human rights organisations, opposition parties, and sections of the media all accused Gujarats government of taking insufficient action against the riots, and even condoning it in some cases.[53][54][55] Modis decision to move the corpses of the Kar Sevaks who had been burned to death in Godhra to Ahmedabad had been criticised for inflaming the violence.[56][57] In March 2008, the Supreme Court asked the state government to re-investigate nine cases in the 2002 Gujarat riots, including the Gulbarg Society incident, and constituted a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to probe the cases afresh.[55][58][59] Responding to a petition from Zakia Jafri, widow of Ehsan Jafri who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre, the Supreme court in April 2009 asked the SIT to probe her complaint alleging that Modi and another minister had been complicit in the killing.[58][60] The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010, and in May 2010 presented its report before the Court, stating that it found no evidence to substantiate the allegations.[58][61] In July 2011, the amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report to the Supreme Court, stating that Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence, contrary to the position of the SIT. Ramachandrans report was criticised by the SIT for relying on the testimony of Sanjiv Bhatt, who, it said, had fabricated the documents used as evidence.[62][63] The Supreme court handed the matter to the magistrate court, and left it to the SIT to examine Ramachandrans report. The SIT submitted its final report in March 2012, seeking closure of the case, against which Zakia Jaffri filed a protest petition. In December 2013, the magistrate court rejected the protest petition and accepted the clean chit given to Modi by SIT stating that there was no evidence against Modi in the case.[64] Modis involvement in the events of 2002 has continued to be debated. Several scholars have described the events of 2002 as a pogrom, while others have called it an instance of state terrorism.[65][66][67] Summarizing academic views on the subject, Martha Nussbaum stated that There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law.[68] In 2012, Maya Kodnani, a former minister in Modis Government from 2007 – 2009, was convicted of having participated in the Naroda Patiya massacre during the 2002 riots.[69][70] She was both the first female and the first MLA to be convicted in a post-Godhra riots case.[71] While initially announcing that it would seek the death penalty for Kodnani, Modis government eventually pardoned her in 2013 and settled for a prison sentence.[72][73][74] A few months after the riots, New York Times reporter Celia Dugger asked Modi if he wished he handled the riots any differently. He told her his only regret was that he did not handle the news media better[75][76] and cited Indias NDTV channel as being irresponsible in its reporting.[77] 2002 election Main article: Gujarat legislative assembly election, 2002 In the aftermath of the violence, there were widespread calls for Modi to resign from his position as chief minister of Gujarat. These came from both within and outside the state, including from the leaders of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party, which were allies in then BJP-led NDA government at the centre. The opposition parties stalled the national parliament over the issue.[78][79] In April 2002, at the national executive meeting of BJP at Goa, Modi submitted his resignation; however, it was rejected by the party.[80] On 19 July 2002, Modis cabinet had an emergency meeting and offered its resignation to the Governor of Gujarat, S. S. Bhandari, and the assembly was dissolved.[81][82] In the subsequent elections, the BJP, led by Modi, won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.[83] Modi made significant use of anti-Muslim rhetoric during his election campaign, though he later denied it.[84][85][86][87] Second term (2002–2007) Despite allegations of using anti-Muslim rhetoric during the campaign, Modis emphasis shifted during his second term from Hindutva to the economic development of Gujarat.[44][84] Modis decisions curtailed the influence of organisations of the Sangh Parivar such as the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP),[88] which had become entrenched in Gujarat after the decline of Ahmedabads textile industry.[44] Modi dropped Gordhan Zadafia, an ally of his former Sangh co–worker and VHP state chief Praveen Togadia, from the cabinet ministry. When the BKS launched a farmers agitation, Modi ordered their eviction from houses provided by the state government. Modis decision to demolish 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar deepened the rift with VHP.[88][89] Various organisations of the Sangh were no longer consulted nor informed of Modis administrative decisions prior to their enactment.[88] The changes brought by Modi in the period 2002–2007 has led to Gujarat being called an attractive investment destination. Aditi Phadnis writes that there was sufficient anecdotal evidence pointing to the fact that corruption had gone down significantly in the state... if there was to be any corruption, Modi had to know about it.[44] Modi started financial and technology parks in the state. During the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real estate investment deals worth INR6.6 trillion were signed in Gujarat.[44] Despite his focus on economic issues during the second term, Modi continued to be criticised for his relationship with Muslims. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then Prime Minister of India, who had asked Modi not to discriminate between citizens in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat violence and had pushed for his resignation as Chief Minister of Gujarat,[90][91] distanced himself from Modi and reached out to North Indian Muslims before the 2004 elections to the Lok Sabha. After the elections, Vajpayee held that the violence in Gujarat had been one of the reasons for BJPs electoral defeat and acknowledged that not removing Modi immediately after the Gujarat violence was a mistake.[92][93] 2007 election Further information: Gujarat legislative assembly election, 2007 In the run up to the assembly elections in 2007 and the general election in 2009, the BJP stepped up its rhetoric on terrorism.[94] On 18 July 2006, Modi criticised the Indian Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, ... for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislations such as the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act. He asked the national government to allow states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the 2006 blasts in Mumbai.[95] Around this time Modi frequently demanded the execution of Afzal Guru,[96] a collaborator of the Pakistani jihadists who had been convicted of terrorism for his involvement in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack.[97][b] As a consequence of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi held a meeting to discuss security of Gujarats 1,600 km (990 mi) long coastline which resulted in the central government authorisation of 30 high–speed surveillance boats.[98] In July 2007, Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of that post.[99] The BJP won 122 of the 182 seats in the state assembly in the 2007 election, and Modi continued as chief minister.[100] Third term (2007–2012) Development projects The Sardar Sarovar Dam, undergoing a height increase in 2006. Successive BJP governments under Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the creation of infrastructure projects for conservation of groundwater. Gujarat is a semi-arid state and, according to Tushaar Shah, was ... never known for agrarian dynamism. By December 2008, 500,000 structures had been constructed, of which 113,738 were check dams. While most check dams remained empty during the pre-monsoon season, they helped recharge the aquifers that lie beneath them.[101] 60 of the 112 tehsils which were found to have over–exploited the groundwater table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater level by 2010,[102] meaning that Gujarat had managed to increase its groundwater levels at a time when they were falling in all other Indian states. As a result, production of genetically-modified Bt cotton, which could now be irrigated using tube wells, increased to become the largest in India.[101] The boom in cotton production and utilisation of semi–arid land[103] saw the agriculture growth rate of Gujarat increase to 9.6% in the period 2001–2007.[104] Though public irrigation measures in the central and southern areas, such as the Sardar Sarovar Project, have not been as successful in achieving their aims,[101] for the decade 2001–2010, Gujarat recorded an agricultural growth rate of 10.97%, the highest among all Indian states.[103] However, sociologists have pointed out that the growth rate under the Congress government during 1992–97 was at 12.9%.[105] Modi at the inauguration of a hospital in Kheda district, Gujarat. The Narendra Modi government also succeeded in bringing electricity to every village in Gujarat, although Dipankar Banerjee points out that all but 170 of them had been electrified under the previous Congress administration.[105] Modi also greatly changed the system of power distribution in the state, with a significant impact on farmers. The state greatly expanded the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which the agricultural electricity supply was rewired to separate it from other rural power supplies. The electricity supplied was then rationed to fit scheduled demand for irrigation, resulting in a cost reduction. Initial farmer protests died down when the farmers who benefited found that supply had become more regular.[101] An assessment study found that corporations and large farmers had significantly benefited from the policy, but that small farmers and labourers had been negatively impacted.[106] In his third term, progress was made on the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City project, considered as one of Modis pet projects. The first phase, which encompassed two skyscrapers, GIFT One and Two, was completed in 2012.[107][108] Debate on Gujarats development under Modi Narendra Modi addressing law graduates at the Gujarat National Law University. Modis government has worked to brand Gujarat as a state of dynamic development, economic growth and prosperity, using the slogan Vibrant Gujarat.[109][110][111] However, critics have pointed to Gujarats relatively poor record on human development, poverty alleviation, nutrition, and education. The state is 13th in India for poverty, 21st for education, 44.7 percent of children under five are underweight and 23 percent are undernourished putting the state in the alarming category on the India State Hunger Index.[112] In contrast, officials from the state of Gujarat claim that Gujarat outperformed India as a whole in the rates of improvement of multiple human indicators, such as female education, between 2001 and 2011. Furthermore, they claim that the school drop-out rates declined from 20 percent in 2001 to 2 percent in 2011, and that maternal mortality declined by 32 percent from 2001 to 2011.[113] Additionally, the Indian Supreme Court, in a review of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, identified Gujarat as being one of the few states from which there were no complaints of forcible land acquisition.[114] Political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot asserts that the development in Gujarat has been limited to the urban middle class, while rural dwellers and lower castes have become increasingly marginalised. He cites the fact that Gujarat ranks 10th among the 21 Indian states in the Human Development Index, which he attributes to the lower development in rural Gujarat. He states that under Modi, the number of families living below the poverty line has increased, and that particularly rural adivasi and dalits have become increasingly marginalised.[115] In July 2013, Economics Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen criticised Narendra Modis governance record and said he did not approve of it, saying that under Modis administration, Gujarats record in education and healthcare is pretty bad.[116] However, economists Arvind Panagariya and Jagdish Bhagwati state that Gujarats social indicator improved from a much lower baseline than other Indian states. They state that Gujarats performance in raising literacy rates has been superior to other states in India, and the rapid improvement of health indicators in Gujarat as evidence that its progress has not been poor by any means.[117] Fourth term (2012–2014) Modi with Anandiben Patel at a meeting of BJP MLAs, after being elected as Prime Minister. Patel succeeded Modi as the Chief Minister of Gujarat. Further information: Gujarat legislative assembly election, 2012 In the 2012 Gujarat legislative assembly elections, Modi won from the constituency of Maninagar with a majority of 86,373 votes over Sanjiv Bhatts wife, Shweta, who was contesting for the Indian National Congress.[118] The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing the majority that the party has had throughout Modis tenure,[119] and allowing the party to form the government, as it has in Gujarat since 1995.[120] In later by-elections, the BJP won an additional four assembly seats and 2 Lok Sabha seats that were all held by the Indian National Congress prior to the by-elections, even though Modi never campaigned for its candidates.[121] This brought the number of seats held by the BJP in the state assembly up to 119. In 2013, the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania cancelled a keynote video-conference speech by Modi after some Indian-Americans lobbied against Modi.[122] After being elected as Prime Minister, Modi resigned from the post of chief minister on 21 May 2014, and his MLA seat from the Maninagar constituency, after delivering a leaving speech described as emotional. Anandiben Patel was chosen as his replacement.[123] National government 2009 election Modi played a role in the 2009 national general election campaign of the BJP[124] and was one of their star campaigners.[125] 2014 general election Narendra Modi addressing a 3D rally during 2014 Indian general elections. Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for Indian general election, 2014 On 31 March 2013, Modi was appointed to the BJP Parliamentary Board, the highest decision-making body of the party.[126][127] On 9 June 2013, Modi was appointed Chairman of the BJPs Central Election Campaign Committee for the 2014 general election, at the national level executive meeting of BJP.[128] The partys senior leader and founding member Lal Krishna Advani resigned from all his posts at the party following the selection, protesting against leaders who were concerned with their personal agendas; the resignation was described by The Times of India as a protest against Narendra Modis elevation as the chairman of the partys election committee. However, Advani withdrew his resignation the next day at the urging of RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat.[129] In September 2013, BJP announced Modi as their prime ministerial candidate for the 2014 Lok Sabha election.[130] Narendra Modi contested the election from two constituencies: Varanasi[131] and Vadodara.[132] His candidacy was supported by spiritual leaders Ramdev and Morari Bapu,[133] and by economists Jagdish Bhagwati and Arvind Panagariya, who have stated that they, ...are impressed by Modis economics.[134] His detractors included Nobel Prize laureate economist Amartya Sen, who said that he did not want Modi as a Prime Minister because he had not done enough to make minorities feel safe, and that under Modi, Gujarats record in health and education provision has been pretty bad.[116] Modi won from both seats he contested; defeating Arvind Kejriwal, leader of the Aam Aadmi Party, in Varanasi and Madhusudan Mistry of the Indian National Congress in Vadodara (by a margin of 570,128 votes, the second highest ever).[135] He led the BJP-led NDA to a decisive victory in the general elections in which the ruling Indian National Congress suffered its worst ever defeat.[136][137][138] Modi was unanimously elected as the leader of the BJP parliamentary party following his partys victory in the Indian parliamentary elections and was subsequently appointed the prime minister by Indias president.[139][140] To comply with the rule that a MP can not hold two constituencies, Modi vacated the Vadodara seat.[141] In Indias first social media election, Modi effectively used social media like Twitter, Facebook and Google in his campaign, besides Google Hangouts and holograms for campaign appearances. He even posted a selfie on Twitter and his victory tweet emerged as the most retweeted in India.[142] Prime Minister Further information: Foreign policy of Narendra Modi and Swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi Modi (far right) was sworn in on 26 May 2014 at the Rastrapati Bhavan. Narendra Modi was sworn in as prime minister on 26 May 2014 at the Rastrapati Bhavan. He is Indias first prime minister born after the countrys independence.[143] In a first of its kind, Modi invited all SAARC leaders to attend his swearing-in ceremony;[144] the attendees included Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif,[145] Sri Lankan president Mahinda Rajapaksa, Afghanistan president Hamid Karzai, Bhutan Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay, Nepal Prime Minister Sushil Koirala, Maldives president President Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom, Speaker of the National Parliament of Bangladesh Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury and Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam of Mauritius (SAARC observer).[146][147] Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina could not attend since she had a scheduled State visit to Japan and deputed the Speaker of National Parliament of Bangladesh to attend the ceremony on her behalf.[148] International diplomacy As chief minister of Gujarat To attract foreign investment in Gujarat during his time as chief minister, Modi made visits to countries such as China, Singapore and Japan.[149] He also visited China in November 2006 to study the Special Economic Zones that were about to be implemented in Gujarat.[150] He again visited in September 2007[151] and later in November 2011. A month after his visit of 2011, the Chinese Government released 13 diamond traders from India who had been jailed by the Shenzhen Customs, which Modi attributed to his diplomatic efforts and statesmanship.[152][153] Modis relationship with many Western nations was a troubled one during his tenure as Chief Minister. Questions about his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots resulted in a boycott by the UK, the US and the EU. He was barred from entering the United States under a provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act.[154] Modi is the only person ever denied a visa to the U.S. under this provision.[155] The UK as well as the European Union refused to deal with Modi because of perceptions of his role in the riots. However, as Modi emerged as a national leader in India, the UK[156] and the EU[157] lifted their boycotts in October 2012 and March 2013 respectively and, following Modis election as the Prime Minister of India, the US invited him to Washington.[158][159] Narendra Modi meeting the South Korean ambassador in Gandhinagar In 2011, the Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry, impressed with the development of Gujarat, invited Modi to visit Pakistan and address prominent business leaders. They also asked him to consider a flight between Karachi and Ahmedabad, on account of the historical cultural and economic relations between the two regions of Gujarat and Sindh. Modi wanted to help Pakistan out of its power crisis, especially in Sindh, suggesting Pakistan can follow the Gujarat Model in two ways – Gujarat Solar Park and Kalpasar Project.[160] In April 2014, in a move described as unexpected, senior Pakistani diplomats told The Daily Telegraph that Modi is their preferred choice for the Prime Minister of India, as he could provide the strong leadership necessary for peace talks.[161] Although boycotted by Western nations, Modi visited Japan in 2012. According to Ryohei Kasai, research fellow at the Center for South Asian Studies, Gifu Womens University, Japan, There is a growing interest in Modi in Japan with much anticipation that he will reshape India by revitalizing its economy and better governance. I believe Japan has an excellent relationship with him. Not only have successive Japanese ambassadors to India been regular guests in Vibrant Gujarat investors summit (organised biennially) but Japanese private companies also made a big amount of investment in the state.[162] As Prime Minister of India Modi invited the leaders of SAARC countries to his oath-taking ceremony for taking office as Prime Minister, to strengthen the diplomatic relationship and increase business.[163] Continuing with the aim of promoting close ties with neighbouring countries, Modis first foreign visit as Prime Minister of India was to Bhutan.[164][165] Personality and image Modi is a vegetarian.[166] He has a frugal lifestyle with a personal staff of three. He is a workaholic and an introvert.[167] He writes poems in Gujarati.[168] As a speaker, he is known as a crowd-puller.[169] In the critical opinion of Somini Sengupta, writing for The New York Times in a 2009 article on the Supreme Courts ordering of an investigation into Modis role in the 2002 Gujarat riots, Mr. Modi has assiduously sought to reinvent himself from a scruffy mascot of Hindu nationalism to a decisive corporate-style administrator.[55] He emerged as social media savvy politician and is currently the fourth most followed leader in the world with over 5 million followers on Twitter.[142] His interaction on Google Hangouts on 31 August 2012 made Modi the first Indian politician to interact with netizens through live chat on the internet.[170][171] Modi has been labelled by the media and some articles in peer-reviewed journals as a controversial, polarising and divisive figure,[172][173][174] but British economist Jim ONeill, author of the BRIC report, wrote on his blog that Modi is good on economics, one of the things that India desperately needs in a leader.[175] In August 2013, financial analyst Chris Wood, chief strategist of CLSA, wrote in his weekly Greed & Fear that the Indian stock markets greatest hope is the emergence of Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi as the BJPs prime ministerial candidate.[175] Awards and recognitions Gujarat Ratna by Shri Poona Gujarati Bandhu Samaj at Ganesh Kala Krida Manch on celebration of centenary year.[176] e-Ratna award by the Computer Society of India[177] Best Chief Minister – In a nationwide survey conducted in 2007 by India Today magazine, Narendra Modi was declared the Best Chief Minister in the country.[178] Asian Winner of the fDi Personality of the Year award for 2009 by FDi magazine.[179] In March 2012, Modi appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of Time, one of Indias few politicians to have done so.[180] Modi was featured in Times 2014 Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.[181] References Notes Jump up ^ The exact number of people killed in the train burning is variously reported. For example, the BBC says it was 59[48] while The Guardian put the figure at 60.[49] Jump up ^ Afzal Guru was executed on 9 February 2013. There had been BJP allegations that the governments delaying of the execution for so long was an attempt to ensure that the Muslim vote was not lost.[97] Citations Jump up ^ Shri Narendra Modi assumes office as 15th Prime Minister of India. Prime Ministers Office, India. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014. Jump up ^ Menon, Kalyani Devaki (2012). Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0812222340. Yet, months after this violent pogrom against Muslims, the Hindu nationalist chief minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, went to the polls and won a resounding victory Jump up ^ Mishra, Pankaj (April 2011). Visweswaran, Kamala, ed. Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 188. ISBN 978-1405100625. The chief minister of Gujarat, a young up-and-coming leader of the Hindu nationalists called Narendra Modi, quoted Isaac Newton to explain the killings of Muslims. Every action, he said, has an equal and opposite reaction. Jump up ^ Nair, Rupam Jain (12 December 2007). Edgy Indian state election going down to the wire. Reuters. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Jump up ^ Robinson, Simon (11 December 2007). Indias Voters Torn Over Politician. Time. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Jump up ^ Burke, Jason (28 March 2010). Gujarat leader Narendra Modi grilled for 10 hours at massacre inquiry. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b Buncombe, Andrew (19 September 2011). A rebirth dogged by controversy. The Independent. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Jump up ^ David, Ruth (24 December 2007). Controversial Gujarati Premier Confirmed in Office. Forbes. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Jump up ^ Joseph, Manu (15 February 2012). Shaking Off the Horror of the Past in India. The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Jump up ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (June 2013). Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi’s ‘Hattrick’ — High Tech Populism and the ‘Neo-middle Class. Studies in Indian Politics 1. Jump up ^ Modi is a Teli-Ghanchi OBC: BJP. The Times of India. 23 April 2014. Jump up ^ Everything you need to know about Narendra Modi. Livemint. 29 September 2011. Jump up ^ BJP plays Modi caste card to run down Nitish. Hindustan Times. 18 June 2013. Jump up ^ OBC વડાપ્રધાન હોવા જોઈએ ભાજપ હવે જ્ઞાાતિનું કાર્ડ ઉતરશે. Gujarat Samachar. 6 May 2014. Jump up ^ Early life of Narendra Modi. India Today. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Jose, Vinod K. (1 March 2012). The Emperor Uncrowned. The Caravan. pp. 2–4. Retrieved 11 April 2013. Jump up ^ Mehta, Harit (18 September 2011). On Race Course road?. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b Affidavit of Narendra Modi for 2014 Indian General Elections (Varanasi). Election Commission of India. Retrieved 22 May 2014. Jump up ^ Modis life dominates publishing space (Election Special). New Kerala. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b Unnithan, Sandeep (2014). The man behind Modi: Lakshmanrao Inamdar. India Today. Ahmedabad. Retrieved 22 May 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Marino, Andy (2014). Narendra Modi: A Political Biography. HarperCollins India. ISBN 9351362183. ^ Jump up to: a b Mukhopadhyay, Nilanjan (2014). Narendra Modi: The making of the political leader. Retrieved 22 May 2014. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi: Dedicated Life. Narenndra Modi. Retrieved 22 May 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Pathak, Anil (2 October 2001). Modis meteoric rise. The Times of India. Retrieved 11 April 2013. Jump up ^ Debasree (2014). Will former tea vendor be Indias next PM?. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 22 May 2014. Jump up ^ Narendra Modis wife Jashodaben finally speaks, I like to read about him (Modi)... I know he will become PM. The Financial Express. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Narendra Modi: From tea vendor to PM candidate. India Today. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Jump up ^ Bodh, Anand (17 February 2014). I am single, so best man to fight graft: Narendra Modi. The Times of India. Retrieved 13 April 2014. Jump up ^ Jashodaben is my wife, Narendra Modi admits under oath. The Times of India. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2013. Jump up ^ Inside the RSS, Indias Hindu nationalist movement, where Modi got his start – RAM LAKSHMI, The Washington Post, 7 June 2014 Jump up ^ Modi proves to be an astute strategist. The Hindu. 23 December 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ Shri Modi meets Swami Atmasthanandji Maharaj, President of Ramkrishna Mission at Belur Math. Narendra Modi YouTube Channel. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2014. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi invited to Ramakrishna Missions headquarter in Belurmath. The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014. Jump up ^ Story of attachment to Belur Math: Modi on Ghoshanapatra. ABP News YouTube Channel. 21 April 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014. Jump up ^ From Vadnagar to 7 RCR: Modis meteoric rise. Rediff News. Retrieved 23 May 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b Narendra Modis Book on the Emergency. India 272 staff. Retrieved 23 May 2014. Jump up ^ Why Modi disguised as Sikh during Emergency?. Dainik Bhaskar. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Jump up ^ Patel, Aakar. The poetic side of Narendra Modi. Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 23 May 2014. Jump up ^ Emergency Time taught Me Importance of Democracy: Narendra Modi. India 272 Campaign. Retrieved 23 May 2014. Jump up ^ Mishra, Mayank (20 July 2013). Did Narendra Modi make Gujarat Vibrant?. Business Standard. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Venkatesan, V. (13 October 2001). A pracharak as Chief Minister. Frontline (New Delhi). Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013. Jump up ^ Gujarat Assembly Elections 2012: Narendra Modi profile. Zee News. Retrieved 6 April 2013. Jump up ^ Mehta, Harit (1 April 2014). Six-year banishment led to Narendra Modis metamorphosis. The Times of India. Retrieved 2 April 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Phadnis, Aditi (2009). Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings. Business Standard Books. pp. 116–21. ISBN 978-81-905735-4-2. Jump up ^ Bunsha, Dionne (13 October 2001). A new oarsman. Frontline. Retrieved 11 April 2013. Jump up ^ zeenews.india/news/general-elections-2014/pm-candidates/narendra-modi-%E2%80%93-leading-the-race-to-7-rcr_921104.html Jump up ^ firstpost/politics/setting-a-record-a-look-at-12-years-of-narendra-modis-rule-in-gujarat-1157069.html Jump up ^ Eleven sentenced to death for India Godhra train blaze. BBC News. 1 March 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2014. Jump up ^ Burke, Jason (22 February 2011). Godhra train fire verdict prompts tight security measures. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2014. Jump up ^ Hampton, Janie (2002). Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1853839528. Jump up ^ Gujarat Riot Death Toll revealed. BBC News. 11 May 2005. Retrieved 14 November 2013. Jump up ^ Campbell, John; Seiple, Chris; Hoover, Dennis R. et al., eds. (2012). The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security. Routledge. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9. ^ Jump up to: a b Army too helpless as violence mounts. The Economic Times. 1 March 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b Curfew imposed in 26 cities. The Hindu. 1 March 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c Sengupta, Somini (28 April 2009). Shadows of Violence Cling to Indian Politician. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2013. Jump up ^ Modi wanted Godhra bodies to come to Abad. The Times of India. 22 August 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2013. Jump up ^ Decision to bring Godhra victims bodies taken at top level. The Hindu. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b c Timeline: Zakia Jafri vs Modi in 2002 Gujarat riots case. Hindustan Times. 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014. Jump up ^ National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Gujarat & Ors. – Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 109/2003. Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 23 May 2014. Jump up ^ Jakia Nasim Ahesan & Anr. vs. State of Gujarat & Ors. – SLP (Crl) No. 1088 of 2008. Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014. Jump up ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (3 December 2010). SIT clears Narendra Modi of willfully allowing post-Godhra riots. The Times of India. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus. The Hindu. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ SIT rejects amicus curiaes observations against Modi. The Hindu. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ Khan, Saeed; Kaushik, Humanshu (26 December 2013). 2002 Gujarat riots: Clean chit to Modi, court rejects Zakia Jafris plea. The Times of India. Retrieved 4 June 2014. Jump up ^ Chris Ogden. 2012. A Lasting Legacy: The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance and Indias Politics Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 42, Iss. 1, 2012 Jump up ^ Pandey, Gyanendra (November 2005). Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories. Stanford University Press. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0-8047-5264-0. Jump up ^ Baruah, Bipasha (2012). Women and Property in Urban India. University of British Columbia Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7748-1928-2. Jump up ^ Nussbaum, Martha Craven. The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and Indias Future. Harvard University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-674-03059-6. Jump up ^ Soni, Nikunj (21 February 2012). For Maya Kodnani, riots memories turn her smile into gloom. DNA India. Retrieved 7 June 2012. Jump up ^ Maya Kodnani led mob to carry out Naroda riot: Gujarat govt to HC. The Economic Times. 21 February 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2012. Jump up ^ Naroda Patiya riots: Former minister Maya Kodnani gets 28 years in jail. NDTV. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi government now rethinks death penalty for ex-aide Maya Kodnani. NDTV. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013. Jump up ^ Modi government does U-turn on death penalty for Kodnani, Bajrangi. The Hindu. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013. Jump up ^ Modi gets cold feet on death for Kodnani. Hindustan Times. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013. Jump up ^ Fisher, Max (16 May 2014). Who is Narendra Modi and why is the world afraid of him leading India?. Vox. Retrieved 30 May 2014. Jump up ^ Barry, Ellen (7 April 2014). Wish for Change Animates Voters in India Election. The New York Times. Retrieved 30 May 2014. Jump up ^ Kishwar, Madhu Purnima (8 April 2014). Narendra Modi on the Role of NDTV during the 2002 Riots. Manushi. Retrieved 30 May 2014. Jump up ^ Gujarat Cabinet puts off decision on elections. The Tribune. 17 April 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2006. Jump up ^ Congress demands Modis resignation over Bannerjee report. Rediff. 3 March 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2007. Jump up ^ BJP national exec rejects Modis resignation. Rediff. 12 April 2002. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Jump up ^ Gujarat Assembly dissolved, early poll sought. The Economic Times. 19 July 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ Modi resigns; seeks Assembly dissolution. The Hindu. 19 July 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2006. Jump up ^ Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 228. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b Gujarat IB officers transferred for putting Modis controversial speech on record. Rediff. 19 July 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2002. Jump up ^ Brasted, Howard V. (2005). Lahoud, Nelly; Johns, A. H., eds. Islam in World Politics. Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 978-0415324113. the successful anti-Muslim campaign run in Gujarat in December 2002 by its provincial chief minister Narendra Modi – a hardline Hindu nationalist preacher turned politician – has ominous implications. Jump up ^ Corbridge, Stuart; John Harriss, Craig Jeffrey (2012). India Today: Economy, Politics and Society. Polity Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0745661124. December 2002, the BJP – led by Narendra Modi, who conducted a vicious campaign, making many stridently anti-Muslim statements Jump up ^ Hardgrave, Jr., Robert L. (2005). Hindu Nationalism and the BJP: Transforming Religion and Politics in India. In Dossani, Rafiq; Rowen, Henry S. Prospects For Peace in South Asia. Stanford University Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 9780804750851. In the campaign, Modi fused religion and politics and, as a spur to anti-Muslim sentiment, made Islamic terrorism and its ties to Pakistan a central plank in the BJP platform etc ^ Jump up to: a b c Umat, Ajay (9 February 2013). Once Hindutva twins, Narendra Modi and PravinTogadia no longer conjoined. The Times of India. Retrieved 11 April 2013. Jump up ^ Religious leaders demand rebuilding of temples. DNA India. Press Trust of India. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2013. Jump up ^ Dasgupta, Manas (4 April 2002). Vajpayees advice to Modi. The Hindu. Retrieved 2 April 2013. Jump up ^ Vajpayee, Advani differed over Modis resignation. India Today. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2013. Jump up ^ Tellis, Ashley J.; Wills, Michael (September 2007). Domestic political change and grand strategy. National Bureau of Asian Research. pp. 193–4. ISBN 978-0-9713938-8-2. Jump up ^ Yogendra, Kanwar (13 June 2004). Not removing Modi was a mistake, says Vajpayee. The Hindu. Retrieved 2 April 2013. Jump up ^ Naqvi, Saba (22 December 2008). When fear didnt enter the booth. Outlook India. pp. 26–28. Retrieved 11 April 2013. Jump up ^ Mahatma on lips, Modi fights Centre. The Telegraph (Kolkata, India). 19 July 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2008. Jump up ^ Now, Amar Singh says Afzal Guru must be hanged. The Indian Express. 4 November 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b Mohan, Vishwa (10 February 2013). Afzal Guru hanged, remains in Tihar; no last wish, refused to eat. The Times of India. Retrieved 12 April 2013. Jump up ^ Modi wants 3-layer ring to secure coast. The Times of India. 28 November 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2011. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi wins Maninagar by 70,000 votes. Hindustan Times. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ BJP adds 5 seats in Gujarat Assembly by-polls. Deccan Herald. 14 September 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Shah, Tushaar (2011). Business Standard India 2011. Business Standard Books. pp. 195–199. ISBN 978-93-80740-04-1. Jump up ^ Mahurkar, Uday (4 June 2010). A green rising. India Today. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b Gujarat, Maharashtra record highest growth in farm sector. The Hindu. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2013. Jump up ^ Shah, Tushaar; Gulati, Ashok; Hemant, P.; Shreedhar, Ganga; Jain, R. C. (December 2009). Secret of Gujarats Agrarian Miracle after 2000. Economic and Political Weekly 44 (52): 45–55. (subscription required) ^ Jump up to: a b Mishra, Mayank (20 July 2013). Did Narendra Modi make Gujarat Vibrant?. Business Standard. Retrieved 29 April 2014. Jump up ^ Shah, Tushar; Verma, Shilp (22 February 2008). Co-Management of Electricity and Groundwater: An Assessment of Gujarats Jyotirgram Scheme. Economic and Political weekly 43: 59–66. Retrieved 29 April 2014. Jump up ^ Good interest for developing SEZ, non-SEZ areas in GIFT city. The Economic Times. 11 January 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ GIFT Project Update July 2012 – Building and Construction Authority, Government of Singapore Jump up ^ Bobbio, Tommaso (2012). Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India. Third World Quarterly 33 (4): 657–672. doi:10.1080/01436597.2012.657423. (subscription required) Jump up ^ Ibrahim, Farhana (25 August 2007). Capitalism, Multiculturalism and Tolerance: A Perspective onVibrant Gujarat. Economic and Political Weekly: 3446–3449. JSTOR 4419936. (subscription required) Jump up ^ Mehta, Nalin (15 October 2010). Ashis Nandy vs. the state of Gujarat: authoritarian developmentalism, democracy and the politics of Narendra Modi. South Asian History and Culture 1 (4): 577–596. doi:10.1080/19472498.2010.507028. (subscription required) Jump up ^ Shah, Ghanshyam (June 2013). Politics of Governance: A Study of Gujarat. Studies in Indian Politics 1 (1): 65–77. doi:10.1177/2321023013482788. (subscription required) Jump up ^ Pathak, Vikas (11 August 2013). Gujarat looks at marketing human development now. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 August 2013. Jump up ^ Land Acquisition act is a fraud, ought to be scrapped: Supreme Court. The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Jump up ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (June 2013). Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi’s ‘Hattrick’—High Tech Populism and the ‘Neo-middle Class’. Studies in Indian Politics 1 (1): 79–95. doi:10.1177/2321023013482789.[1] ^ Jump up to: a b Sen, Amartya (22 July 2013). I dont want Narendra Modi as my PM: Amartya Sen. The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ Bhagwati, Jagdish; Panagariya, Arvind (2013). Reforms and Their Impact on Health and Education. Why Growth Matters:How Economic Growth in India Reduced Poverty and the Lessons for Other Developing Countries. New York City: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610392723. Retrieved 15 September 2013. Jump up ^ Big win for Narendra Modi, defeats Shweta Bhatt by huge margin. NDTV. Press Trust of India. 20 December 2012. Jump up ^ Ghassem-fachandi, Parvis (2012). Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India. Princeton University Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780691151779. Jump up ^ 1. Action continues: Narendra Modi makes lotus bloom again in Gujarat. DNA India. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014. 2. Gujarat results 2012 Live :Modis claim for PMs post gets stronger. Samay Live. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2012. Jump up ^ BJP sweeps Gujarat bypolls, RJD trumps JD(U) in Bihar. The Hindu. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ Bhowmick, Nilanjana (5 March 2013). Why Wharton Canceled Narendra Modis Speech. Time. Retrieved 23 May 2014. Jump up ^ LIVE: Anandiben Patel named new Gujarat chief minister – IndiaToday – May 21 2014l Jump up ^ BJP banking on Modi effect. The Hindu. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Jump up ^ Srivastava, Ritesh (30 August 2011). Election 2009 dissected: How parties cut the vote pie. Zee News. Retrieved 4 June 2014. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi inducted into BJP Parliamentary Board, Rajnath rejigs team. The Economic Times. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2014. Jump up ^ Parliamentary Board. Bharatiya Janata Party. Retrieved 21 May 2013. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi set appointed as Chairman of BJPs Central Election Campaign Committee. The Economic Times. 9 June 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2013. Jump up ^ Advani grabs lifeline, meekly withdraws resignation. The Times of India. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013. Jump up ^ BJP announces Modi as prime ministerial candidate. The Hindu. 14 September 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ Its official: Modi picked for Varanasi, Jaitley for Amritsar. The Times of India. 16 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi files nomination in Vadodara after grand roadshow. NDTV. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ Kunwar, D S (27 April 2013). Sadhus want Narendra Modi declared NDAs PM candidate. The Times of India. Retrieved 25 July 2013. Jump up ^ Academic brawl: Bhagwati-Panagariya pitch for Modi while Amartya Sen backs Nitish. The Economic Times. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013. Jump up ^ Modis Vadodara victory margin not highest-ever. Business Standard. 16 May 2014. Jump up ^ Lok Sabha polls: Narendra Modi wins big from Varanasi, Vadodara. Zee News. 16 May 2014. Jump up ^ Election Results 2014: Narendra Modi Wins By Huge Margin in Vadodara. NDTV. 16 May 2014. Jump up ^ Election Results 2014: Ab Ki Baar, Modi Sarkaar. BJP+ set for more than 300 seats.. NDTV. 16 May 2014. Jump up ^ President appoints Narendra Modi as Prime Minister, Oath taking ceremony on May 26. Office of President of India. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi appointed PM, swearing-in on May 26. The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. Jump up ^ Modi thanks Vadodara, looks forward to serve Ganga. Hindustan Times. Press Trust of India. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b Sharma, Swati (25 June 2014). White House losing Twitter war to India’s Narendra Modi. Washington Post. Retrieved 28 June 2014. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister, swearing in on May 26. The Times of India. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014. Jump up ^ Swami, Praveen (22 May 2014). In a first, Modi invites SAARC leaders for his swearing-in. The Hindu. Retrieved 24 May 2014. Jump up ^ PM accepts Indias invite to Modis oath-taking. DAWN. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014. Jump up ^ Jacob, Jayanth (24 May 2014). Not SAARC meeting officially, but almost at Modis swearing-in. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 May 2014. Jump up ^ TNN (24 May 2014). Pak PM Nawaz Sharif to attend Narendra Modis swearing-in ceremony. Retrieved 24 May 2014. Jump up ^ Sharif, Rajapaksa, Hasina invited to Modis swearing-in ceremony. Hindustan Times. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014. Jump up ^ Japanese vendors keen on Gujarat: Suzuki tells Modi. Business Standard. 25 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012. Jump up ^ Gujarat now Indias SEZ: Modi. The Indian Express. 6 September 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2013. Jump up ^ Modi visits Dalian port in China, meets city Mayor. One India. 8 September 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2013. Jump up ^ Modi shines like a diamond; frees jailed traders in China. One India. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2012. Jump up ^ China frees 13 diamond traders, Narendra Modi pats his own back. Mumbai Mirror. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ No entry for Modi into US: visa denied. The Times of India. 18 March 2005. Retrieved 3 February 2012. Jump up ^ Mann, James (2 May 2014). Why Narendra Modi Was Banned From the U.S.. Retrieved 3 June 2014. Jump up ^ Burke, Jason (22 October 2012). UK government ends boycott of Narendra Modi. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 May 2013. Jump up ^ Germany delinks Narendra Modis image from human rights issues. NDTV. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013. Jump up ^ Readout of the President’s Call with Prime Ministerial Candidate Narendra Modi of India. Whitehouse.gov. May 16, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Cassidy, John (16 May 2014). What Does Modis Victory Mean for the World?. The New Yorker. Retrieved 21 May 2014. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi invites Pak investment, offers energy solutions. The News International. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ Pakistan backs Narendra Modi as Indias next prime minister. The Daily Telegraph. 21 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Jump up ^ Roche, Elizabeth (20 May 2014). Narendra Modi and the art of Twiplomacy. Live Mint. Retrieved 4 June 2014. Jump up ^ Modis invitation to SAARC leaders was a masterstroke. Rediff. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi has a Full Diplomatic Calender Ahead: Bhutan, Japan, US. The Times of India. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014. Jump up ^ zeenews.india/news/nation/modi-thanks-guardian-deities-kings-for-bhutan-visit-success_940312.html Jump up ^ Harding, Luke (18 August 2013). Profile: Narendra Modi. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ The Hawk in Flight. Outlook India. 24 December 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Jump up ^ Aakar, Patel (19 December 2012). Narendra Modi, smart politician and average poet. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 May 2013. Jump up ^ Crowd puller Modi. Hindustan Times. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013. Vaghela no match for crowd-puller Modi. Deccan Herald. 17 September 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2013. Dasgupta, Manas (14 November 2002). Modi, Waghela crowd-pullers. The Hindu. Retrieved 17 May 2013. Narendra Modi urges Mumbais businessmen to set up shop in Gujarat. NDTV. 3 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013. The auditorium had a capacity of only 2,000 people, but, according to Niranjan Hiranandani, IMC president, there were no less than 7,000 people gathered at the venue, many sitting on the floor or standing. Crowd-pulling ability not enough to qualify for PMs post: Uma. The Indian Express (New Delhi). 16 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013. Jump up ^ Narendra Modi on Google Hangout, Ajay Devgn to host event. The Times of India. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012. Jump up ^ People ask, Narendra Modi answers on Google Plus Hangout. CNN-IBN. 1 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012. Jump up ^ Ramaseshan, Radhika (2 July 2013). Boomerang warning in article on polarising Modi. The Telegraph (Kolkata). Retrieved 15 August 2013.
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