Newton’s Second Law of Motion was given after 48 years of Newton’s death Ajay Sharma Fundamental Physics Society. His Mercy Enclave Post Box 107 GPO Shimla 171001 HP India Email ajay.pqrs@gmail Source of information Mathematical Association of America , Washington, USA maa.org/ Specific Link eulerarchive.maa.org/ The Euler Society , Washington , eulersociety.org/ The theme of discussion It taught right since school level in all countries of world that Newton has discovered Newton’s Second law of motion, F=ma . But is not true, even specialist scientists who have studied this particular aspect, believe Newton never discovered Second law of motion. It can be read research journals and monographs. Who discovered Second Law of Motion: Swiss Mathematician Leonhard Euler ( 1707-1783) discovered it ,but he has given different equations of force ( F =ma/2 in 1736 , F =2ma in 1750 , F =ma in 1775). So he did not give one equation of Second law of Motion , F=ma which now taught. Who gifted F = ma to Newton(1642-1727). When F=ma was gifted to Newton ? Who gifted F =ma to Newton? Why F=ma was gifted to Newton F=ma? Why Principia’s Second Law of Motion is distorted by unknown scientists. It is not clear. It needs investigations? Part I What is contribution of Newton? Newton had published book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia) , in the Latin …..The Principia in 1687. Further its second and third editions were published in 1713 and 1726. books.google.co.in/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Principia translated from the Latin to English by Andrew Motte in 1729. The second law is stated as The alteration of motion is ever proportional to the motive force impressed; and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impressed. Newton defined ‘motion’ at page 10 of the Principia and defined ‘Quantity of Motion’ as DEFINITION II at page 2. Thus mathematical equation based on second law of motion is F =k(v-u) (1) In the existing literature equation for second law of motion is F = m(v-u)/ (T-t)= ma (2) It never follows statement of Newton’s second of motion. Newton never derived it. Part II How Euler discovered Second Law of Motion F =ma Swiss Mathematician Leonhard Euler has written about 850 research and scholarly articles and many books in his prolific career. The articles were un reviewed. Even Einstein’s Annus mirabilis papers published in 1905 were also un reviewed. The list of publication is readily available at website of Mathematical Association of America and The Euler Society. The web link is eulerarchive.maa.org/ (i) Year 1736 EULERS Mechanica sive motus scientia analytice exposita In 1736, Euler wrote equation of potentia (p) meaning force which has resemblance with dc=pdt ( given by Jacob Hermann in 1716), dc = =npdt/m or F = ma /n (3) where m is mass, c is velocity, F is force , t is time and where n is constant and depends upon unity of measure . By unity of measure we mean, unit of measurement. Euler used two primary or fundamental units L (length) and F(force), thus coefficient/constant of proportionality is 2. Now co-efficients are determined experimentally. The systems of primary units L (length)-F(force) –T(Time ) and L (length)-M(mass) –T(Time ) were introduced in the following century. (ii) Discovery Of A New Principle Of Mechanics by Leonhard Euler Article 177 in EnestrÄoms index M¶emoires de lacademie des sciences de Berlin [6] (1750), 1752, pp. 185{217 [Opera Omnia, II5, 81{108] Translated from the French by Stacy G. Langton, University of San Diego, 2003 In Mechanica, however, Euler used an intrinsic coordinates system. He decomposed speeds and forces according to directions that depended upon the intrinsic nature of the problem. In these papers, Euler used an extrinsic references frames (a system of three orthogonal Cartesian axes) and formulated the second law of motion in this way : 2Mddx=Pdt2, 2Mddy=Qdt2, 2Mddz=Rdt2, (4) or F=2ma where M is the mass and P, Q, and R the components of the force on the axis (the coefficient 2 depended on the unity of measure , and Euler has chosen two primary units ). In view of it (dependence upon unity of measure) coefficient, n is 2 in eq.(6). (iii) Novi Commentarii academiae scientiarum Petropolitanae 20, 1776, pp. 208-238 Opera Omnia: Series 2, Volume 9, pp. 99 – 125 Reprinted in Theoria motus corporum rigidorum, ed. nova, 1790, pp. 460-481 [E479a] In 1775, he completed the construction of general equations of dynamics by formulating a system of six equations determining the motion of any body, which (except for an additional coefficient) he wrote in this way. F = Ma (5) Part III Conclusions Is it scientific to give wrong education to children? (i) It is clear Newton did not discover F =ma. It is agreed by expert scientists in the history of science. But even then Newton is regarded as discoverer of second law of motion. So it the rarest misunderstanding or mistake that scientists are committing and giving false information to children. Then what is difference science and superstition. (ii) Secondly, it believed that Leonhard Euler has given F =ma , in fact it is speculated by him. Practically at different times Euler has given three equations of force. F =ma, F=2ma , and F = ma/2 (a) To obtain the rest mass energy F=ma is used and equation E0 =M0c2 is obtained . If equation F =2ma is used then rest energy obtained is E0 =2M0c2 If equation F =ma/2 is used then rest mass energy is E0 =M0c2/2 Consequently, under these conditions we get three equations of rest mass energy, E0 =M0c2 , E0 =2M0c2, and E0 =M0c2/2 Thus there has to unique equation for force i.e. F=ma Hence all literature of Euler must be specifically reinvestigated to draw final conclusion. (b) Another important aspect in this regard in that F=ma was discovered after 48 ( 1775-1727) years of death of Newton . Then how and why F=ma was credited to Newton? Who gifted second law o motion to Newton? Did other did not object? Why Newton’s second law of the Principia was altered? Was it a mistake or serious conspiracy to libel science. (c) The scientists must give answer these questions. Or science would be regarded as superstition. All learned have wrongly believed that Sun revolves around the earth for 2,000 years. Similar situation is here. Is it scientific to give wrong education to children? Ajay Sharma Email ajay.pqrs@gmail Mobile 0091 94184 50899
Posted on: Sat, 05 Jul 2014 14:41:44 +0000
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