OXOMOT LANGUAGER KARONE AAGOTE JI GONDOGUL HOISIL TAR KARONE DUKHI AASIL HAKHONOT THOKA MANUH KISUMAN. GONDOGUL KORA HOKOL KI LANGUAGE COMMUNITY’R AASIL TARBABE ATIA OXOMOT THOKA KUNU COMMUNITY RESPOSIBLE NOHOI. TEATIAR MANUHOR MINDSET, CONTEXT AADI ATIA PRESENT HOMOYOR LOGOT KUNU RELATION NAI. FYI - Assam’s language warriors india-seminar/2012/640/640_nabinipa_bhattacharjee.htm FYI - The Official Languages Act, 1963 assamtribune/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb0711/city05 FYI - vakilno1/bareacts/laws/the-official-languages-act-1963.html FYI - Vaikunthanātha Bhattadeva: The Father of Assamese Prose atributetosankaradeva.org/movement_lit_prose.htm The British imposed Bengali in 1836 in Assam after the state was occupied in 1826. Due to a sustained campaign, Assamese was reinstated in 1873 as the state language. Since the initial printing and literary activity occurred in eastern Assam, the Eastern dialect was introduced in schools, courts and offices and soon came to be formally recognized as the Standard Assamese. In recent times, with the growth of Guwahati as the political and commercial center of Assam, the Standard Assamese has moved away from its roots in the Eastern dialect. The Assam Official Language Act, 1960 is a legislature passed by the legislative assembly of Assam as per the provisions of article 345 of the constitution of India entailing the states of India to adopt one or more languages of the state as the official language of the state. The legislature establishes Assamese and Bengali languages as the official language of the state of Assam. Later, in 1985 the Bodo Language was also added to the list of official languages of Assam via an amendment of the act. Drawing upon post-1950s Indian government policy of linguistic reorganization of states and in consistence with post independence Assam state government policy the bill leading to the act was presented in the Assam Legislative Assembly by the then chief minister of Assam, Bimala Prasad Chaliha of Indian National Congress in 1960 prescribing Assamese as the sole official state language of Assam. Bongal Kheda : Bongal Kheda refers to an organised campaign of ethnic cleansing of the Bengali Hindus in the North East, that originated in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam during the 1960s and 1970s and spread to Meghalaya and Tripura in the 1980s. During its peak in 1960, around 50,000 Bengali Hindus were expelled from Assam, who took shelter in West Bengal. Attacks : Assam : In 1960, Assamese mobs attacked Bengali Hindu settlements in the Brahmaputra Valley. The most gruesome violence took place in 25 villages of Goreswar in Kamrup district. An one man enquiry commission was set up under Justice Gopal Mehrotra. According to the report nine Bengali Hindus were killed and more than one hundred were injured. There was at least one incident of attack on women. 4,019 huts and 58 houses belonging to the Bengali Hindus were vandalised and destroyed. The District Magistrate of Guwahati who happened to be a Bengali Hindu was attacked by a mob of around 100 people inside his residence and stabbed. The Deputy Inspector General of Police, also a Bengali Hindu was also stabbed. Thousands of Bengali Hindus were displaced from the Brahmaputra Valley and they subsequently migrated to West Bengal, tripura and Barak Valley.According to one estimate 500,000 Bengali Hindus were displaced from Assam. In West Bengal, thousands of refugees arrived in phases. The first batch of around 4,000 refugees arrived between 5 and 11 July 1960. The next batch of 447 arrived between 12 and 20 July. The rest arrived after 31 July. During July – September, around 50,000 Bengali Hindus took shelter in West Bengal. In 1972, large scale ethnic riots erupted in Assam, where the Bengali Hindus were mostly targeted.Around 14,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal and elsewhere in the North East. During the first phase of the Assam Agitation, Bengali Hindu settlements were attacked throughout the Brahmaputra Valley. The cold blooded killing of Rabi Mitra, an ethnic Bengali Hindu technical officer at Oil Indias headquarters in Duliajan caused widespread panic among the Bengali Hindus. In 1983, the Bengali Hindus were attacked again during the anti-foreign agitation. In Dhemaji district, the Bengali Hindus were by the Assamese students in Silapathar. Meghalaya In the 1980s, the tribals started attacking the Bengali Hindus in Meghalaya, resenting their dominance in jobs and business. The attacks mostly restricted to Shillong. In 1980, a Bengali Hindu legislator was killed and the Bengali Hindu localities came under systematic attack repeatedly. The attacks took place mostly before Durga Puja, the most important Bengali Hindu festival. An estimated 25,000 to 35,000 Bengali Hindus left Meghalaya and settled in West Bengal and other parts of India, since the 1980s. Some other sources: Moral, Dipankar (1997), North-East India as a Linguistic Area, Mon-Khmer Studies, you can download from sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/moral1997north.pdf Online you can purchage from https://archive.org/details/AssameseitsFormationAndDevelopment Resource Centre for Indian Language Technology Solutions, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati. Kataki, Banikanta (1941), Assamese: Its Formation and Development Bara, Mahendra (1981), The Evolution of the Assamese Script, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha Dutta, Birendranath (1995). A Study of the Folk Culture of the Goalpara Region of Assam. Guwahati, Assam: University Publication Department, Gauhati University. Dutta, Birendranath (2003). Non-Standard Forms of Assamese: Their Socio-cultural Role. In Miri, Mrinal. Linguistic Situation In North-East India (2nd ed.). Goswami, G. C.; Tamuli, Jyotiprakash (2003), Asamiya, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge ----------------------------------------------------------------- ACT AND ORDINANCES THE ASSAM OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ACT, 1960 (Published in the Assam Gazette, Extraordinary, dated the 19th December, 1960) An Act To declare Official Language of the State of Assam Preamble Whereas Article 345 of the Constitution provides that the Legislature of a State may by law adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the State as the language to be used for official purposes of the State and for matters hereinafter appearing: It is hereby enacted in the Eleventh Year of the Republic of India, as follows: — Short title extent and commencement 1. (1) This Act may be called the Assam Official Language Act, 1960. (2) It extends to the whole of the State of Assam. (3) It shall come into force, on such date as the State Government may, by notification, in the official Gazette, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different official purposes and for different parts of the State of Assam: Provided that the date of dates appointed by the State Government in respect of any of the parts of the State of Assam shall not be later than five years from the date the assent to this Act is first published in the official Gazette. Definitions 2. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, — (a) “Autonomous District” means an area deemed as such under paragraph 1(1) of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India. (b) “Autonomous Region” means an area deemed as such under paragraph 1(2) of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India. (c) “District Council” means a District Council constituted under paragraph 2 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India. (d) “Mohkuma Parishad” means a Mohkuma Parishad established under the Assam Panchayat Act, 1959. (Assam Act XXIV of 1959) (e) “Municipal Board” means a Municipal Board established under the Assam Municipal Act 1956 and shall include Town Committees established under the said Act. (Assam Act XV of 1957) (f) “Prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act. (g) “Regional Council” means a Regional Council constituted under paragraph 2 of the Sixth Schedule to the Construction of India. Official language for official purposes of the State of Assam 3. Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 346 and 347 of the Constitution of India and subject as hereinafter provided, Assamese shall be used for all or any of the official purpose, of the State of Assam: Provided that the English language, so long as the use thereof is permissible under Article 343 of the Constitution of India, and thereafter Hindi in place of English, shall also be used for such official purposes of the Secretariat and the offices of the Heads of the Departments of the State Government and in such manner as may be prescribed: Provided further that, — (a) All Ordinance promulgated under Article 213 of the Constitution of India; (b) All Acts passed by the State Legislature; (c) All Bills to be introduced or amendments thereto to be moved in the State Legislature; and (d) All Orders, Regulations, Rules and Bye-laws issued by the State Government under the Constitution of India or any law made by Parliament or the Legislature of the State. Shall be published in the official Gazette in the Assamese language. Safeguard of the use of language in the Autonomous Region and in the Autonomous District 4. Notwithstanding anything in Section 3, only languages which are in use immediately before the commencement of this Act shall continue to be used for administrative and other official purposes upto and including the level of the Autonomous Region or the Autonomous District, as the case may be, until the Regional Council or the District Council in respect of the Autonomous Region or the Autonomous District, as the case may be, by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting decide in favour of adoption of any other language for any of the administrative or official purposes within that region or district. Safeguard of the use of Bengali language in the district of Cachar 5. Notwithstanding anything in Section 3, the Bengali language shall be used for administrative and other official purposes upto and including the district level in the district of Cachar until the Mohkuma Parishads and Municipal Boards of the district in a joint meeting by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting decide in favour of adoption of the official language for use in the district for the aforesaid purposes. The use of English as official language in respect of examination conducted by the Assam Public Service Commission 6. Notwithstanding anything in Section 3, any examination held by the Assam Public Service Commission, which immediately before the commencement of this Act used to be conducted in the English language shall continue to be so conducted till such time as the use thereof is permissible under clause (2) of Article 343 of the Constitution of India: Provided that a candidate shall have the right to choose the language in use in the State of Assam, which was the medium of his University examination. Rights of the various linguistic group 7. Subject to the provision of this Act, the State Government may be notification issued from time to time, direct the use of the language as may be specified in the notification and in such parts of the State of Assam as may be specified therein: Provided that — (a) The rights of the various linguistic groups in respect of medium of instruction in educational institutions as laid down in the Constitution of India shall not be affected; (b) The State shall not, in granting aid to educational and cultural institutions, discriminate against any such institutions on grounds of language; (c) The rights to appointments in the Assam Public Services and to contracts and other avocations shall be maintained without discrimination on the ground of language; and (d) In regard to noting in the offices in the region or district if any member of the staff is unable to note in any of the district language, the use of English shall be permitted by the Heads of Departments so long as the use thereof is permissible under Article 343 of the Constitution of India. Power to make rules 8. The State Government shall have the power to make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.
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