Panaeolus is a very unique genus and is not closely related to anything else. The closest genus is related to is Copelandia, however it isnt very close. Copelandia is most closely related to Psilocybe, however Copelandia is far away from Psilocybe. To make an accurate tree of Panaeolus, Copelandia, I used Psilocybe semilanceata as an outgroup to root the tree. P. semilanceata was chosen because it is difficult to misidentify, and is one of the closest relatives to Panaeolus and Copelandia outside of those genera. This tree was made by gathering sequences from Genbank and UNITe that were entered under the names Panaeolus and Copelandia, and also by BLASTing Panaeolus and Copelandia sequences to discover others that were in these genera but were entered under different names. I added two Panaeolus sequences from my collections which I made in the lab, and one Copelandia sequence that was sent to me via facebook message. The sequences were automatically aligned with kalign. The FASTA was downloaded and loaded into mega6, where I went over the alignment manually and deleted any base pairs that were obviously in error. Care was taken to not delete any phylogenetically informative data. In borderline cases where I couldnt tell if the data was phylogenetically informative, I kept the data. The FASTA was saved from mega6 and uploaded to phylogeny.fr, and the final tree was generated with the maximum likelihood algorithm using PhyML. Gblocks were disabled and bootstrapping was run with 100 iterations. From this I learned that the traditional classification of Panaeolus into sections is not supported by DNA evidence, and that Panaeolus is not a member of the Psathyrellaceae family. Panaeolus and Copelandia deserve their own family. In the most recent Panaeolus monograph, Gerhardt 1996, he moved Copelandia back into Panaeolus and kept Panaeolina as a separate genus. The truth is the opposite - Copelandia is a separate genus, and Panaeolina is a clade within Panaeolus. Panaeolus contains the following clades: /cinctulus - One species occurs in Estonia, China and Japan. Another species in this group occurs in China. Panaeolus subfirmus is in the P. cinctulus clade, but is a separate species. /antillarum - Contains Panaeolus antillarum and P. semiovatus /fimicola - A separate clade, closely related to /antillarum /papilionaceus clade 1 - Contains Galeropsis desetorum, in addition to Panaeolus papilionaceus collections from Florida and Italy /papilionaceus clade 2 - Contains P. papilionaceus-like species from Washington, Italy and Mexico /acuminatus - known from Estonia, Italy and China. The Chinese species is slightly different. /foenisecii - sequences from Canada, Estonia, Italy, Illinois and Finland are extremely similar /Copelandia genus - Not closely related to the rest of Panaeolus, its placement is between Panaeolus and Psilocybe. It has no other close relatives.
Posted on: Sun, 12 Oct 2014 03:04:30 +0000
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