Social Biases Actor-observer bias — the tendency for explanations for other individual’s behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their situation. This is coupled with the opposite tendency for the self in that one’s explanations for their own behaviors overemphasize their situation and underemphasize the influence of their personality. (see also fundamental attribution error). Dunning-Kruger effect — "…when people are incompetent in the strategies they adopt to achieve success and satisfaction, they suffer a dual burden: Not only do they reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but their incompetence robs them of the ability to realize it. Instead, …they are left with the mistaken impression that they are doing just fine."[5] (See also the Lake Wobegon effect, and overconfidence effect). Egocentric bias — occurs when people claim more responsibility for themselves for the results of a joint action than an outside observer would. Forer effect (aka Barnum Effect) — the tendency to give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. For example, horoscopes. False consensus effect — the tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which others agree with them. Fundamental attribution error — the tendency for people to over-emphasize personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior (see also actor-observer bias, group attribution error, positivity effect, and negativity effect). Halo effect — the tendency for a person’s positive or negative traits to “spill over" from one area of their personality to another in others’ perceptions of them (see also physical attractiveness stereotype). Herd instinct – a common tendency to adopt the opinions and follow the behaviors of the majority to feel safer and to avoid conflict. Illusion of asymmetric insight — people perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers’ knowledge of them. Illusion of transparency — people overestimate others’ ability to know them, and they also overestimate their ability to know others. Ingroup bias — the tendency for people to give preferential treatment to others they perceive to be members of their own groups. Just-world phenomenon — the tendency for people to believe that the world is “just" and therefore people “get what they deserve." Lake Wobegon effect — the human tendency to report flattering beliefs about oneself and believe that one is above average (see also worse-than-average effect, and overconfidence effect). Notational bias — a form of cultural bias in which a notation induces the appearance of a nonexistent natural law. Outgroup homogeneity bias — individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups. Projection bias — the tendency to unconsciously assume that others share the same or similar thoughts, beliefs, values, or positions. Self-serving bias — the tendency to claim more responsibility for successes than failures. It may also manifest itself as a tendency for people to evaluate ambiguous information in a way beneficial to their interests (see also group-serving bias). Self-fulfilling prophecy — the tendency to engage in behaviors that elicit results which will (consciously or subconsciously) confirm our beliefs. System justification — the tendency to defend and bolster the status quo, i.e. existing social, economic, and political arrangements tend to be preferred, and alternatives disparaged sometimes even at the expense of individual and collective self-interest. Trait ascription bias — the tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior and mood while viewing others as much more predictable. Happy reading :)
Posted on: Wed, 03 Jul 2013 08:24:09 +0000
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