ازمنة الفعل استخدم فعل تصريف أول اذا سبقه He /she / it \ يضاف للفعل (s) المضارع ننفي التصريف الأول ب Don’t or doesn’t + base Usually, sometimes, often, normally, daily, everyday, every ---, never, seldom, always, hardly, in summer, rarely, once a week (with time table)(facts)(proverbs) 1- The present simple tense المضارع البسيط استخدم فعل تصريف ثاني ينفى ب Didn’t + base form of the verb Yesterday, last--, ago, once, in the past, in 1999,as soon as + past. 2- The simple past tense الماضي البسيط Is Are + ---ing Am Look, listen, at this time, don’t, today, tonight, at the moment, be careful, hurry up, now 3- The present continuous المضارع المستمر Was + ----ing Were الجملة تقسم الى قسمين ماضي مستمر و ماضي بسيط When, while. As, at 5 yesterday 4- The past continuous الماضي المستمر Have + p.p Has 1- Finished actions: Lately, recently, since, for, yet(-)ever(?) so far, all his life, just أو وجود جملة أخرى تدل على اثر للفعل وان يكون الفعل لا يقبل الاستمرارية 2_ Is used for achievements. الانجاز 5- The present perfect المضارع التام Had + p.p الجملة تقسم الى قسمين تصريف ثاني و ماضي تام By + time in the past By the end of, before , after 6- The past perfect الماضي التام Have + been + --ing Has 1-I have been standing since 8 oclock 2- He has been cheating again. 3- I have been teaching English for 20 years. 4- She has wet hair, she has been swimming. الجملة تحوي مفتاح من المضارع المستمر و مفتاح من المضارع التام . We use the present perfect continuous tense for: 1- Activities that are still going on now. 2- A repeated action. 3- A prolonged activity. 4- An activity that has some consequences in the present. 7- The present perfect continuous المضارع التام المستمر Had+been + ing اثر للفعل بالماضي For five minutes, for two weeks, before, when 8- The past perfect continuous الماضي التام المستمر Will + base form shall Next week, next---, in 2020, tomorrow, as soon as + simple present. 9- The simple future المستقبل البسيط Will + have + p.p By + future By next week, by tomorrow, by 2020, by this time next week. 10- The future perfect المستقبل التام Will + be + --ing When + future 11- The future continuous If + present simple--- present simple If + present verb ---( will, can, shall, may) +base If + past verb --- (would, could, should, might)+ base If + past perfect --- would have +p.p 12- Conditional sentences الجمل الشرطية Type (0)facts Type (1)likely to happen Type (2)unlikely Type (3)impossible Use the correct form of the verb in brackets: 1- While we ……………………………(repair) the car, my friends came 2- Ali ……………………..(go) to Aqaba very often. 3- Listen! Someone ………………………….(knock) at the door. 4- Amal …………………..(graduate) next year. 5- The employee…………………….(finish)the work yet. 6- Don’t go out. It ……………………………..(rain) since I arrived. 7- I didn’t speak to him because he………………………..(watch) a movie. 8- Don’t pick up the phone. I………………………….(answer). 9- The streets are all wet. It ………………………..(rain)all night. 10- My plane ………………………..(leave)at nine tomorrow. 11- Water …………..(boil)at 100°C and ……………(freeze) at zero. 12- If I were invited, I ………………………..(come). 13- The light through the curtains…………….(keep) us awake last night. 14- By 2015 the Ministry of Education……… (build) many model schools. 15- Ronaldo is brilliant, he …………… (score) two goals in his last match. 16- I ……………………….(read) all the books in this library last week. 17- The house is very clean, she ………………………..(tidy) all the rooms. 18- After I …………………(have) my lunch, I corrected the papers. 19- Why was he arrested? He …………………………(steal) cars again. 20- This scientist ………………………….(win) the Nobel Prize last week. 21- My cousin ……………………..(design) solar cars for too long. 22- As soon as he arrives, I ………………… (leave) the party. 23- ……………….he …………….(play)the piano very well? Yes, he does. 24- Why do you look so exhausted? I …………………….(work) since five. 25- When you arrive next Friday, I ……………………(paint) my apartment. 26- By 2011, I ……………………… (graduate) from college. 27- You looked tried yesterday. Yes, I ……………….. my car for 5 hours.(repair) Exercises on Form Write down the missing sentences. affirmative negative questions I I play. ........................ ........................ you You help. ........................ ........................ he ........................ He does not answer. ........................ she ........................ ........................ Does she sing? it It rains. ........................ ........................ we ........................ ........................ Do we dream? you ........................ You do not read. ........................ they ........................ ........................ Do they work? Hi everybody! Im The Present Simple Girl. I like habits and routines. I always do the same things and at the same time. For example, I always drink two glasses of milk in the morning and I usually arrive at school at twenty five past seven. I often wear jeans and T-shirts. I love pop music. I also love animals and plants. I have a beautiful garden. I live with my parents and my brother, The Present Continuous Guy. He is very different from me. He never arrives on time for lunch. He likes new clothes and fashion, and he doesnt listen to pop music. He plays football all the time . We are in an English club called The Happy Verby Gang. We go to the club on Saturdays. Simple Present Simple Present FORM [VERB] + s/es in third person Examples: • You speak English. • Do you speak English? • You do not speak English. USE 1 Repeated Actions Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Examples: • I play tennis. • She does not play tennis. • Does he play tennis? • The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. • The train does not leave at 9 AM. • When does the train usually leave? • She always forgets her purse. • He never forgets his wallet. • Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. • Does the Sun circle the Earth? USE 2 Facts or Generalizations The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things. Examples: • Cats like milk. • Birds do not like milk. • Do you like milk? • California is in America. • California is not in the United Kingdom. • Windows are made of glass. • Windows are not made of wood. • New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue. USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. Examples: • The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. • The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. • When do we board the plane? • The party starts at 8 oclock. • When does class begin tomorrow? USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs. Examples: • I am here now. • She is not here now. • He needs help right now. • He does not need help now. • He has his passport in his hand. • Do you have your passport with you? ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: • You only speak English. • Do you only speak English? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: • Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active • Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive Present Continuous FORM [am/is/are + present participle] Examples: • You are watching TV. • Are you watching TV? • You are not watching TV. USE 1 Now Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now. Examples: • You are learning English now. • You are not swimming now. • Are you sleeping? • I am sitting. • I am not standing. • Is he sitting or standing? • They are reading their books. • They are not watching television. • What are you doing? • Why arent you doing your homework? USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now In English, now can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second. Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.) • I am studying to become a doctor. • I am not studying to become a dentist. • I am reading the book Tom Sawyer. • I am not reading any books right now. • Are you working on any special projects at work? • Arent you teaching at the university now? USE 3 Near Future Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future. Examples: • I am meeting some friends after work. • I am not going to the party tonight. • Is he visiting his parents next weekend? • Isnt he coming with us tonight? USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with Always The Present Continuous with words such as always or constantly expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words always or constantly between be and verb+ing. Examples: • She is always coming to class late. • He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. • I dont like them because they are always complaining. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present. Examples: • She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct • She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: • You are still watching TV. • Are you still watching TV? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: • Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active • Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. Passive Simple Present / Present Continuous Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) .................. her kids to football practice. 2. Usually, I (work) .................. as a secretary at Aqaba, but this summer I (study) .................. French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris. 3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) ................... 4. Dont forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) ................... 5. I hate living in Sweden because it (rain, always) ................... 6. Im sorry I cant hear what you (say) .................. because everybody (talk) .................. so loudly. 7. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight? Denise: Oh, Im sorry, I cant. I (go) ................. to a movie tonight with some friends. 9. The business cards (be, normally) .................. printed by a company in New York. Their prices (be) .................. inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good. 10. This delicious chocolate (be) .................. made by a small chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland. Simple Present / Present Continuous Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. A Trekking Journal Today (be) .................. the second day of my trek around Mount Kilimanjaro. I am exhausted and my legs (shake) ..................; I just hope I am able to complete the trek. My feet (kill, really) .................. me and my toes (bleed) .................., but I (want, still) .................. .....to continue. Tanzania is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be) .................. so different, and I (try) .................. to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn) .................. a little bit of the language to make communication easier; unfortunately, I (learn, not) .................. foreign languages quickly. Although I (understand, not) .................. much, I believe that I (improve, gradually) ................... I (travel, currently) .................. ....with Liam, a student from Leeds University in England. He (be) .................. a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always) ...................... ahead of me and (complain) .................. that I am too slow. I (do) .................. my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and stronger than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old. Right now, Liam (sit) .................. with the owner of the inn. They (discuss) .................. the differences between life in England and life in Tanzania. I (know, not) ..................... the real name of the owner, but everybody (call) .................. him Tam. Tam (speak) .................. English very well and he (try) .................. to teach Liam some words. Every time Tam (say) .................. a new word, Liam (try) .................. to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also) .................. ..to have difficulty learning foreign languages. I just hope we dont get lost and have to ask for directions. Simple Past [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs Examples: • You called Debbie. • Did you call Debbie? • You did not call Debbie. USE 1 Completed Action in the Past Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples: • I saw a movie yesterday. • I didnt see a play yesterday. • Last year, I traveled to Japan. • Last year, I didnt travel to Korea. • Did you have dinner last night? • She washed her car. • He didnt wash his car. USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples: • I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. • He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. • Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? USE 3 Habits in the Past The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as used to. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples: • I studied French when I was a child. • He played the violin. • He didnt play the piano. • Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? • She worked at the movie theater after school. • They never went to school, they always skipped class. USE 4 Past Facts or Generalizations The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. This use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression used to. Examples: • She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. • He didnt like tomatoes before. • Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? • People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past. ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: • Tom repaired the car. Active • The car was repaired by Tom. Passive Past Continuous FORM [was/were + present participle] Examples: • You were studying when she called. • Were you studying when she called? • You were not studying when she called. USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples: • I was watching TV when she called. • When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. • While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. • What were you doing when the earthquake started? • I was listening to my iPod, so I didnt hear the fire alarm. • You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. • While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. • Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane. • While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off. • A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? B: I was snowboarding. USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples: • Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. • At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. • Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work. IMPORTANT In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Examples: • Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. I started eating at 6 PM. • Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner. USE 3 Parallel Actions When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples: • I was studying while he was making dinner. • While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. • Were you listening while he was talking? • I wasnt paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. • What were you doing while you were waiting? • Thomas wasnt working, and I wasnt working either. • They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. USE 4 Atmosphere In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. Example: • When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service. USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with Always The Past Continuous with words such as always or constantly expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression used to but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words always or constantly between be and verb+ing. Examples: • She was always coming to class late. • He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. • I didnt like them because they were always complaining. While vs. When Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word when such as when she called or when it bit me. Other clauses begin with while such as while she was sleeping and while he was surfing. When you talk about things in the past, when is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas while is usually followed by Past Continuous. While expresses the idea of during that time. Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence. Examples: • I was studying when she called. • While I was studying, she called. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past. Examples: • Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct • Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: • The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active • The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Passive Simple Past / Past Continuous Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 1. A: What (you, do) .................. ..when the accident occurred? B: I (try) .................. ..to change a light bulb that had burnt out. 2. Last Friday, Tom (be) .................. too sick to go to work and that he (need) .................. to stay at home. 3. Sebastian (arrive) .................. at Susans house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not) .................. …there. She (study, at the library) .................. …. .............. for her final examination in French. 4. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also) .................. …television. Thats all she ever does! 5. A: I (call) .................. ..you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) .................. … there. Where were you? B: I (work) .................. out at the fitness center. 6. When I (walk) .................. into the busy office, the secretary (talk) .................. on the phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily) ...................... at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly) ........................ methods to improve customer service. 7. I (watch) .................. a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out how the movie ends. 8. Azzam (be) .................. in the room when John told me what happened, but he didnt hear anything because he (listen, not) ................... 9. Its strange that you (call) .................. because I (think, just) .................. .....about you. 10. The Titanic (cross) ............... the Atlantic when it (strike) ................ an iceberg. 11. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) .................. ..... and (try) .................. to sell their goods to naive tourists. 12. The firemen (rescue) .................. an old woman yesterday evening who (be) .................. trapped on the third floor of the burning building. 13. She was so annoying! She (leave, always) .............. her dirty dishes in the sink. Simple Past / Past Continuous Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call) ................... She said she (call) .................. me on her cell phone from her biology classroom. I asked her if she (wait) .................. for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk) .................. to me. I asked what was going on. She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually) .................. ............. in class. Some of the students (talk) .................. about their plans for the weekend and the student next to her (draw) .................. a picture of a horse. When Angela (tell) .................. me she was not satisfied with the class, I (mention) ...................... that my biology professor was quite good and (suggest) ..................... that she switch to my class. While we were talking, I (hear) .................. her professor yell, Miss, are you making a phone call? Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang) .................. up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I (cut) .................. vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It (be) .................. Angela, but this time she wasnt sitting in class. Present Perfect FORM [has/have + past participle] Examples: • You have seen that movie many times. • Have you seen that movie many times? • You have not seen that movie many times. USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples: • I have seen that movie twenty times. • I think I have met him once before. • There have been many earthquakes in California. • People have traveled to the Moon. • People have not traveled to Mars. • Have you read the book yet? • Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. • A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States. How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect? The concept of unspecified time can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: TOPIC 1 Experience You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, I have the experience of... You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. Examples: • I have been to France. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times. • I have been to France three times. You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence. • I have never been to France. This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France. • I think I have seen that movie before. • He has never traveled by train. • Joan has studied two foreign languages. • A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him. TOPIC 2 Change Over Time We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time. Examples: • You have grown since the last time I saw you. • The government has become more interested in arts education. • Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. • My English has really improved since I moved to Australia. TOPIC 3 Accomplishments We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. Examples: • Man has walked on the Moon. • Our son has learned how to read. • Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. • Scientists have split the atom. TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. Examples: • James has not finished his homework yet. • Susan hasnt mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. • The rain hasnt stopped yet. TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. Examples: • The army has attacked that city five times. • I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. • We have had many major problems while working on this project. • She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick. Time Expressions with Present Perfect When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important. Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc. Examples: • Have you been to Mexico in the last year? • I have seen that movie twice in the last month. • They have had three tests in the last week. • She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far. • My car has broken down three times this week. NOTICE Last year and in the last year are very different in meaning. Last year means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. In the last year means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect. Examples: • I went to Mexico last year. I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one. • I have been to Mexico in the last year. I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now. USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. For five minutes, for two weeks, and since Tuesday are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. Examples: • I have had a cold for two weeks. • She has been in England for six months. • Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words live, work, teach, and study are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs. ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: • You have only seen that movie one time. • Have you only seen that movie one time? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: • Many tourists have visited that castle. Active • That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive Simple Past / Present Perfect Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 1. A: Did you like the movie Star Wars? B: I dont know. I (see, never) .................. …that movie. 2. Sam (arrive) .................. ….in San Diego a week ago. 3. My best friend and I (know) .................. each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week. 4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) .................. ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, hell be as famous as Hemingway. 5. I (have, not) .................. …..this much fun since I (be) .................. a kid. 6. You (be) .................. late to work too many times. You are fired! 7. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) .................. ….. the ocean. He should come with us to Miami. 8. How sad! George (dream) .................. … of going to California before he died, but he didnt make it. He (see, never) .................. … the ocean. 9. Mohammad Azzam, I cant believe how much you (change) .................. since the last time I (see) .................. you. You (grow) .................. at least a foot! 10. I (visit, never) .................. ….. Africa, but I (travel) .................. to South America several times. The last time I (go) .................. to South America, I (visit) .................. Brazil and Peru. I (spend) .................. two weeks in the Amazon. Simple Past / Present Perfect Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980s, technology (change) .................. a great deal. The first computers (be) .................. simple machines designed for basic tasks. They (have, not) .................. much memory and they (be, not) .................. … very powerful. Times (change) ................... Computers (become) .................. powerful machines with very practical applications. Present Perfect Continuous FORM [has/have + been + present participle] Examples: • You have been waiting here for two hours. • Have you been waiting here for two hours? • You have not been waiting here for two hours. USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. For five minutes, for two weeks, and since Tuesday are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous. Examples: • They have been talking for the last hour. • She has been working at that company for three years. • What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? • James has been teaching at the university since June. • We have been waiting here for over two hours! • Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days? USE 2 Recently, Lately You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as for two weeks. Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of lately. We often use the words lately or recently to emphasize this meaning. Examples: • Recently, I have been feeling really tired. • She has been watching too much television lately. • Have you been exercising lately? • Mary has been feeling a little depressed. • Lisa has not been practicing her English lately. • What have you been doing all your life? IMPORTANT Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of lately or recently. If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as Have you been feeling alright?, It can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as Have you been smoking? can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect. Examples: • Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct • Sam has had his car for two years. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: • You have only been waiting here for one hour. • Have you only been waiting here for one hour? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: • Recently, John has been doing the work. Active • Recently, the work has been being done by John. Passive NOTE: Present Perfect Continuous is less commonly used in its passive form. Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. Ranya: I think the waiter (forget) .................. us. We (wait) .................. here for over half an hour and nobody (take) .................. our order yet. Ali: I think youre right. He (walk) .................. by us at least twenty times. He probably thinks we (order, already) ....................... Ranya: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only) .................. …here for five or ten minutes and they already have their food. Ali: He must realize, we (order, not) .................. yet! We (sit) .................. here for over half an hour staring at him. Ranya: I dont know if he (notice, even) ....................... us. He (run) .................. from table to table taking orders and serving food. Ali: Thats true, and he (look, not) .................. …in our direction once. Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 1. Judy: How long (be) ........................ in Canada? Claude: I (study) ........................ here for more than three years. 2. I (have) ........................ the same car for more than ten years. Im thinking about buying a new one. 3. I (love) ........................ chocolate since I was a child. 4. Majid and Sarah (have) .................. some difficulties in their relationship lately. 5. John (work) ........................ for the government since he graduated from Harvard University. Until recently, he (enjoy) ........................ his work, but now he is talking about retiring. 6. Lately, I (think) ........................ about changing my career. 7. I (see) ........................ Maha for more than five years and during that time I (see) ........................ many changes in her personality. Present Continuous / Present Perfect Continuous Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 1. It (rain) ................... all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to go to the beach. 2. Sid: Where is Gary? Sarah: He (study, at the library) ........................ ……. for his German test on Wednesday. In fact, he (review) ................... for the test every day for the last week. 3. You look really great! (You, exercise) ........................ ….at the fitness center ? 4. Frank, where have you been? We (wait) ........................ for you since 1 PM. 5. Tim: What is that sound? Nancy: A car alarm (ring) ........................ somewhere down the street. It (drive) ........................ me crazy - I wish it would stop! It (ring) ........................ for more than twenty minutes.
Posted on: Tue, 05 Nov 2013 13:50:54 +0000
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