دليل الطالب المستجد - خاص بشعبة الترجمة الفورية خالص الشكر للزميل العزيز / إبراهيم عطية - المعيد بالقسم - وفريق العمل Simultaneous Interpretation Contents Welcome to Simultaneous Interpretation Section! Aims and Mission of SI Section Major Types of Translation Students Will Encounter at SI Section SI Section Courses for Academic Years Sincere Advice Welcome to Simultaneous Interpretation Section! All staff members at Department of English Language and Literature are delighted to welcome you to your second home Simultaneous Interpretation (SI) section. SI section is one of the oldest and most well-regarded sections at Faulty of Languages and Translation. During its history of more than forty years, SI section has redefined translation education in Egypt. It offers a unique educational experience that paves the way for students to lead the career of translation around the world. It also broadens students’ knowledge of different levels of linguistic analysis: Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis. Aims and Mission of SI Section SI section at Department of English Language strives to offer dynamic, engaging English language and translation classes that challenge students to progress in English language and build up translation skills that distinguish them from other translation students in Egypt. We are living in a world where the knowledge of English language and how to translate from/to it make a difference in the job market, where international communication can make or break a business deal, where international travel is on everyones dream list, and where time is a valuable commodity. At SI section we understand that you are in our classes to fulfill a requirement, to be a linguist, to be an interpreter/ a translator, or to simply enjoy learning a foreign language. Whatever your objectives may be, we want to help you reach your educational, professional and/or personal goals. We welcome you to join us in our language learning adventure! SI section aims that upon completion of the five academic years of study at Department of English Language, students will master the main four activities of learning a second language, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing as well as carrying out translation and interpretation jobs in a professional way that enables them to find decent jobs. Additionally, SI section aims to help its students recognize the significance of major historic and cultural topics. Within the context of each course, students will be able to: • Demonstrate comprehension by responding appropriately to written and spoken expressions of the target language according to the level of study. • Speak and convey information with accuracy and pronunciation acceptable to native-speakers of the language. • Express ideas clearly and accurately in writing according to the level of study. • Develop and demonstrate ability to value diverse cultural aspects and global awareness. • Customize the mode of communication appropriate to the specific audience. • Translate and interpret from/to English at high level of accuracy and professionalism. Students demonstrate their progress and mastery through oral and written tests, quizzes, and projects. Major Types of Translation Students Will Encounter at SI Section Perhaps it is a good idea to give SI section students some notes on the major types of translation as they start their academic life as translators or at least people working in translation activities on a daily basis. The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translation between two different languages involves the translator changing an original written or spoken text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written/ spoken text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL). According to the medium of performance and the nature of the material being translated, there are two main types of translation: 1. Written Translation is a translation performed in writing. 2. Oral Translation is a translation performed orally. In written translation, the source text is in written form, as is the target text. In oral translation or interpretation, the interpreter listens to the oral presentation of the original and translates it as an oral message in TL. The line of demarcation between written and oral translation is drawn not only because of their forms but also because of the sets of conditions in which the process takes place. . In written translation, the original text can be read and re-read as many times as the translator may need or like. The same goes for the final product. The translator can re-read his translation, compare it to the original, make the necessary corrections or start his work all over again. He can come back to the preceding part of the original or get the information he needs from the subsequent messages. These are most favorable conditions and here we can expect the best performance and the highest level of equivalence. That is why in theoretical discussions we have usually examples from written translations where the translating process can be observed in all its aspects. The conditions of oral translation impose a number of important restrictions on the translator’s performance. Here, the interpreter receives a fragment of the original only once and for a short period of time. His translation is also a onetime act with no possibility of any return to the original or any subsequent corrections. This creates additional problems and the users have, sometimes, to be content with a lower level of equivalence. There are two main kinds of oral translation – consecutive and simultaneous. In consecutive translation, the translating process starts after the original speech or some part of it has been completed. Here the interpreter’s strategy and the final results depend, to a great extent, on the length of the segment to be translated. If the segment is just a sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech. As often as not, however, the interpreter is expected to translate a long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer. In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and keep them in mind until he begins his translation. To make this possible the interpreter has to take notes of the original messages, various systems of notation having been suggested for the purpose. The study of, and practice in, such notation is the integral part of the interpreter’s training as are special exercises to develop his memory. There is also another type of oral translation termed At Sight Translation. At sight translation can be defined as the reading of a text by the interpreter from the source language into the target language, simultaneously, in a manner in which the content of the document can be easily understood by the audience. Although it is not always considered as a mode, it is nevertheless often used and is not usually documented in available interpreting manuals. It is nowadays the most commonly used form in environments such as courtrooms, in cases such as the reading of a witness’s statement or a court ruling. At sight translation is often considered to be the step that comes before simultaneous interpretation. In simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter is supposed to be able to give his translation while the speaker is uttering the original message. This can be achieved with a special radio or telephone-type equipment. The interpreter receives the original speech through his earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone which transmits his translation to the listeners. This type of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic problems, both of theoretical and practical nature. Based on the tasks and objectives of translation, translation may be termed as: • Literary translation which deals with literary texts, i.e. works of fiction drama or poetry whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the reader. Their communicative value depends, first and foremost, on their artistic quality and the translator’s primary task is to reproduce this quality in translation. Literary works are known to fall into a number of genres. Literary translations may be subdivided in the same way, as each genre calls for a specific arrangement and makes use of specific artistic means to impress the reader. Translators of prose, poetry or plays have their own problems. Each of these forms of literary activities comprises a number of subgenres and the translator may specialize in one or some of them in accordance with his talents and experience. The particular tasks inherent in the translation of literary works of each genre are more literary than linguistic. The great challenge to the translator is to combine the maximum equivalence and the high literary merit. • Informative translation which renders into the target language non-literary texts, the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas, to inform the reader. However, if the source text is of some length, its translation can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation. A literary text may, in fact, include some parts of purely informative character. Contrariwise, informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at achieving an aesthetic effect. A number of subdivisions can be also suggested for informative translations, though the principles of classification here are somewhat different. Here we may single out translations of scientific and technical texts, of newspaper materials, of official papers and some other types of texts such as public speeches, political and propaganda materials, advertisements, etc., which are, so to speak, intermediate, in that there is a certain balance between the expressive and referential functions, between reasoning and emotional appeal. • Computer-assisted translation (CAT), also called computer-aided translation, machine-aided human translation (MAHT) and interactive translation, which is a form of translation wherein a human translator creates a target text with the assistance of a computer program. • Machine translation (MT) which is a procedure whereby a computer program analyzes a source text and produces a target text without further human intervention. In reality, however, machine translation typically does involve human intervention, in the form of pre-editing and post-editing. • A free translation which preserves the meaning of the original text but uses idiomatic forms of the target language, including normal word order and syntax, so that the translation can be naturally understood. Free translation is a kind of idiomatic translation. e.g. You are a bigmouth. أنت تفشي الأسرار. • Literal translation, also known in everyday usage as direct translation, which renders a text from one language to another “word for word” rather than conveying the sense of the original text. However, in translation studies, literal translation denotes technical translation of scientific, technological or legal texts. Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style or beauty. There is, however, a great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse, but also be error free. • Communicative and Semantic Translation [ST] which is personal and individual. It follows the thought processes of the author and tends to overtranslate and pursue nuances of meaning, yet aims at concision in order to reproduce pragmatic impact. Communicative Translation [CT] is social, in the sense that it concentrates on the message and the main force of the text. It may also tend to under translate, to be simple, clear and brief, and is always written in natural and resourceful style. A ST is usually considered inferior to its original text, as there is both cognitive and pragmatic loss. CT attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. Only ST and CT fulfill the two main aims of translation, which are first, accuracy, and second, economy. • Idiomatic translation that conveys the meaning of the original, or source text, by using equivalent language and the forms and structures of the target language, in order to produce a translation that has the same meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idiom e.g. He did not lift a finger. لم يحرك ساكنًا • Adaptive Translation is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry e.g. O rose ,thou art sick! The invisible worm That flies in the night, In the howling storm; (ST) عليلة ياوردتي فالدودة الخفية التي تحوم في الليالي قد عثرت على فراشك الذي تحوطه أفراحه الوردية لكن عشقها الدفين والعميق يمتص من كيانك الرحيق Translation by Mohammad Enani SI Section Courses for Academic Years PRELIMINARY YEAR: • Reading Comprehension Reading comprehension requires motivation, mental frameworks for holding ideas, concentration and good study techniques. It helps students develop a broad background, know the structure of paragraphs, identify the type of reasoning, and learn how to anticipate and predict based on the given information in the text at hand. Most importantly, it provides students with a good vocabulary and teaches them how to think critically. • Grammar Students study some grammar books recommended for beginners. They also use basic grammatical structures in short conversations and discussions. Useful Grammar books in this course include Understanding and Using English Grammar by Betty Azar. • Literary Texts Students study select literary texts to provide them with a wealth of vocabulary and literary sense of English language as well as some information about the cultural background of native speakers. Literary texts include short stories, novels, poems, and plays. In the meanwhile, students are introduced to the main concepts and definitions of English literature. • Essay Students are taught how to write essay in English and how to distinguish between different types of essays and a variety of essay writing strategies. Useful books for Essay include: Tapestry Writing 1, Introduction to Academic Writing, and A Comprehensive English Grammar. • Phonetics Students study an introduction to English phonetics and take preparatory lessons for the next year courses in Phonetics and Phonology. • Conversation SI section offers students of the preliminary year an intensive course in English conversation to help them communicate easily and correctly in a variety of both academic and everyday situations. • Translation from English into Arabic and Vice Versa In this course, students are introduced to the main concepts and definitions of translation studies with practical and comparative assignments at both word and sentence levels in SL and TL. • Second Language SI section is keen to provide its students with the opportunity to choose and learn a second language besides English language in order to qualify and prepare them for better job markets. So remember to register your name in your favorite second language class earlier in the first week of the first semester of the academic year. FIRST YEAR: • English Literature In this course, students study more advanced literary texts such as full-length plays, short stories, and novels according to the assigned course for the academic year in question. • Written Translation from Arabic into English Students learn the basics of translation techniques, rules, and conventions from Arabic into English. • Written Translation from English into Arabic Students learn the basics of translation techniques, rules, and conventions from English into Arabic. • Listening Exercises This is an introductory course on how to be an interactive and a good listener. • Phonetics In this course, students are taught how to differentiate between consonants and how they function in English Language. • Second Language This course of second language aims to teach students the basics of their target language and build their vocabulary through exposing them to short and simple texts and dialogues. • Economic and Legal Terminologies It is an introductory course in Economics and Law. It helps students understand such terms which will help them in the field of translation. • Grammar It is an intermediate level of English grammar. • Linguistics It is an introductory course in Linguistics. It provides students with a general idea about the origins and nature of language, and how linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. It also deals with those properties which differentiate human language from all other communication systems. SECOND YEAR: • Written Translation from Arabic into English In this course, the students are supposed to be able to solve translation problems at word and sentence levels as they translate into English language. Texts suggested for translation practice are of relative complexity and difficulty. • Written Translation from English into Arabic In this course, however, students are taught and trained how to solve structural and semantic problems they face while translating to their native language. • Listening Exercises This course is taught in a phonetic laboratory where students are exposed to longer audio texts and are required to answer comprehension questions based on the audio material they are listening to. • Phonetics At this level of Phonetics, students are taught how to differentiate between phonetics and phonology, the three types of phonetics: articulatory, auditory and acoustic phonetics. • Second Language It is an advanced course in second language acquisition in which students are exposed to more comprehensive units; they start studying simple reading comprehension passages, understand more advanced grammar and practice speaking and writing activities. • Economic and Legal Terminologies Because SI section students are trained to be highly qualified interpreters, the section focuses on providing its students with all needed terminologies and concepts of the most common genres of discourse. • Linguistics Beside learning more advanced grammar, students in this course begin to learn how syntactic rules are developed and integrated into language grammar to build up linguistic competence that help them in their translation jobs. • Islamic History This course aims at providing students with historical information in English about the Muslim world along with studying some Western scholars views of the history of the Muslim world. THIRD YEAR: • Written Translation At this level, students are taught how to overcome both linguistic and cultural challenges while they translate from Arabic into English and vice versa. Translation texts get more complex and heavily loaded with information. • Simultaneous Interpretation This course aims at introducing the students to Simultaneous Interpretation techniques and methods. The course runs gradually to more intensive and comprehensive classes covering a variety of texts, including technical, journalistic, literary, and Islamic ones. • Consecutive Interpretation In this course, students take intensive theoretical and practical classes in consecutive interpretation (i.e. its processes, techniques and problems) in order to excel it. • Civilization and Cross-Cultural Communication This course provides students with a wealth of information about the main definitions of culture and civilization, difference between the two concepts, and how cross-cultural communication problems arise and why. Suggested references for this course include: Trevelyan, G. M. A Shortened History of England Plumb, J. H. England in the Nineteenth Century • Second Language After completing this course, students should be able to express themselves and communicate in their second language in a good way. • Economic and Legal Terminology In this course, students learn some of the main terms and concepts of the applicable law. In addition, they learn about the Islamic economic system as compared to non-Islamic ones. • English Grammar and Linguistics At this level, students are introduced to English morphology and semantics • Scientific Terminologies This course helps students at SI section to build wide vocabulary that are often used in highly specialized scientific texts. They also learn how to translate them in TL. FOURTH YEAR: • Written Translation At this level, students are engaged in more complicated texts in both English and Arabic. In addition, they are taught how to evaluate and test translated texts and how to adapt their translation to target language conventions and style. • Simultaneous Interpretation This course aims at taking the students at SI section into more advanced level of Simultaneous Interpretation techniques and methods. The course provides students with valuable insights about conference and political speeches interpretation. • Consecutive Interpretation In this course, students take intensive theoretical and practical classes in consecutive interpretation (i.e. its processes, techniques and problems) and how to excel at high level of study and workshops. • Civilization and Cross-Cultural Communication In this course, students are taught many concepts of civilization and culture related to English language and its native speakers. Suggested references for this course include: Savelle, Max ed. A History of World Civilization, vol. 2 Briton, Crane, John Christopher & Robert Lee Wolff eds. Modern Civilization: A History of the Last Five Centuries • Second Language After completing this course, students should be able to express themselves and communicate in their second language in an excellent way and enjoy great conversational skills • Technical and Scientific Terms This course provides students with a good knowledge of the most frequent technical and scientific terms. In addition, they are guided into how to deal with such terms and abbreviations in their translations from/to English. • Linguistics At this level, students are introduced into major disciplines and sub-disciplines of linguistics. • Consecutive Interpretation It is an advanced course in consecutive interpretation techniques. • At Sight Interpretation It is an advanced course in at sight Interpretation. At this level students are supposed to get practical training at or outside the faculty. Note: The academic courses introduced above are subject to annual amendments and developments to match the educational needs of students. The faculty is keen to maintain the Islamic identity and awareness of its students. Therefore, there are general Islamic and Arabic courses taught to all grades regardless of their specialty. These are Faculty requirements. We recommend you do your best in these courses to develop your religious and Arabic linguistic background, particularly if you are here to be a competent translator/ interpreter from English to Arabic and vice versa. SINCERE PIECES OF ADVICE: Since seeking beneficial knowledge is a kind of righteous deed, make sincere intention to do your best and strive for the sake of Allah by the means of this knowledge, and always ask Almighty Allah to accept your deeds and reward you for them. Show your best manners and be kind to all your colleagues, instructors, and lecturers. Always remember that you are here to learn and study. Do not waste your time and never let anything distract you. If you have some free time inbetween lectures, do not walk around and go directly to the library and start reading. For getting resources to help you complete and pass the above courses in the best way, just visit the library, ask any of the teaching staff, or visit Department Heads office, we will be right there to help and support you all the time. Good luck!
Posted on: Sat, 01 Nov 2014 21:20:16 +0000
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