نقاط الاسبوع الاول من الكورس Emergence of life Week one ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆ 1. scientific world view عن الكون الطبيعية العلماء يبذلون قصار جهدهم لفهم العالم صحيح ان الكون والطبيعة اشياء قابلة للفهم لكن العلم لايستطيغ توفير الجواب الكامل تماما # the universe and nature are understandable #the scientific ideas are subjects to change . # science cant provide complete answers to all questions ( science is reproducible and predictable ) # science is a bind of logic and imagination . #scientists try to identify and avoid bias (Reductionism) : asserts that the nature of complex entities can be reduced to ( and explains by) simpler or more fundamental things Knowledge of all the individual pieces will explain the system (Holism) : assets the objects or subjects being studied interact with all other constituents of the system in which it exists individual parts interact to produce pattern or behaviour as a whole via process and mechanism results often yield stolkingly different confusions than those generated by reductionism . * the whole is greater than the sum of its parts *research on the individual components of complex systems provides only limited information about the behaviour of the systems as whole . ___________________________________ ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆ 2.philosophical benchmarks in science Question is What does science provid for us ? /critical free thought/ Process of actively and skillfullly appliying , analyzing , syntheizing , and evaluating ideas striving to build ideas on the basis of facts and scientific inquiry ..... inscribed herm of Socrates (470_490BC) Dialectical method (was critical)(socratic approach) Learning through disciplined ,rigorous , and thoughtful dialogue and logically defending ones ideas during intensive question ....Aristotle (384_322BCE) Greek philosopher and scientist born in Stagirus northern Greece. #paleontologist : Scientists who study eoddils and ues them to trace the course of evoluation of life and the changing environments on Earth . #paleontology : The study of life through geologic time . It is based on the principles of geology and biology ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥ °°°♡Question of clarification ♡°°° What is you main point ? Can you give me an example ? What is the source of that idea or information ? Can you summarize what we discussed ? °°°♡Queation that probe assumption ♡°°° What are you assuming ? How could you support your assumption ? °♡Question that probe reasons & evidence ♡°° What did you observe in the demonstration hypothesis ? What evidence supports your hypothesis ? °°♡Question that probe implications & consequences♡°°° What effect would that have ? What could you generalize from this observation ? What does that remind you of ? What do you predict will happen next ? / phras > analogy identifies anomaly / ___________________________________ Rene Descartes (31March 1596-11february 1650) French philosopher nathematican and writer who spent most of his life in dutch republic Thomas Kuhn (18 july 1922-17june 1996) American physicist . Historian and philosopher of science . Author of the book ,the structure of scientific revolytions 《1962》 ______________________________________ change is almost universe resisted ______________________________________ Hypothesis :a question based on knowledge abtained while formulating the question that may help explain observed patterns . Behaviors and outcomes . ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆ 3.SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY VS SCIENTIFIC METHOD Scientific inquiry : progressive looping feedback of multiple stage of inquiry that culminate in the establishment of a new cycle of inquiry 《Scientific method》 1•ask a question. 2•do backround research . 3•contruct a hypothesis. 4•test your hypothesis by doing an experiment. 5• analyze your data and draw a condusion. 6•communicate your results. 《 Scientific inquiry》 ●Initiation : original idea ●Pre-experimentation : logic thought experiments . ●Pilot-experimentation : collect and evaluate pilot data . ●experimentation : full data collection and evaluation ●Post experimentation : synthesis and interpretation . ●Re-lterate and Re-lnituate : relinr and develop now ideas ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆ 4.THE SCALE OF TIME ANE SPACE ; POWER OF TEN . 《Scale》 the scope or extent the study (can be measured by size,distance,or order of magnitade) ■SPATIAL :measurments with respect to space ( extent or size of length , distance, or area ) ■TEMPORAL: :measurments with respect to time ( secound , days to years to millions of years ) 1um = bacteria ____________________ ◆ 10 times larget=10^1=one powe of ten greater ◆100 times larget=10^2=two powe of ten greater. ◆1000 times larget=10^3=one powe of ten greater & 100 times smaller =10^2=two powe of ten smaller & One power of ten = one order of magniude .... ten times larger = (one power of ten larger) or (one order of magniude larger) ____________________ Exponential notation 10^1=10 10^2=100 10^3=1000 _____________________ ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆5.NASAS GREETING CARD TO ALIENS : THE GOLDEN RECORD . ■ Metazoans :- multicellular animals Golden record etching Hydrogen atom Assemblly instructions Earth locatiion ◇images frim NASAs Golden record ◇sounde what life likes in Earth ,sound of languages .. _____________________ fundamental time scale ,both for the time given on the cover and in the decoded pictures ______________________ ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆ 6.Deep geological time formation of Earth 4.7 BYA ( billion years ago) Archaean Eon (4.7Bya) [also called HADEAN] ■ archaean 4.7-2.5Bya :- (4.4bya)moon forms, (4.0bya)earlist life (lifw gains foothold ) * bactieria ■ proterozoic 2.5bya-542Mya :- (2.5bya)oxygenation(*bactieria*) ■paleozoic 542-251mya :- (542mya) combrian explosion ■mesozoic 251-65 mya :- (251mya) PT lmpact ■cenozoic 65mya - present :- (45mya) Antorctic __________________________________________________ proterozoic= paleozoic+ mesozoic+ cenozoic __________________________________________________ Prrmian-triassic extinction event (251mya) __________________________________________________ Cretaceous-paleogene extintion event( 65mya) __________________________________________________ cenozoic= paleogene(66.23mya)+neogene(23.3mya)+quaternary(3mya-present) __________________________________________________ ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆ 7. THE STRUCTURE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM * 9 planets :- *Rocky planets (Terrestrial planets) 1•Mercury 2•Venus 3•Earth 4•Mars ..... *larger ( Jovian planets) 1•Jupiter 2•Satum 3•Uranus 4•Neptune ■asteroid : solid rock ■comet : ice and rock fragments Meteor - impact craters on the surface of Mars 《 KUIPER BELT 》 the orange track represents a typical KBO orbit Plutos orbit is represented by the yellow ring 《 KUIPER BELT 》 Primary source of comets in our solar system . * oort cloud :- in the outer most reaches our solar system . ..... Our sun is one of 300billion star in the MilkWay ...... Meteorites:- give as a lot of information from outside Earth ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆ 8BIRTH OF THE EARTH 《BigBang》 ★ the universe began about 15 years age with a cosmic explosion allowing the spriny forth following the expansion of the universe ( which is still happening today) ☆Nebula :- ritationg cloud of gas (hydrogen and helium main components of our sun ) and fine dust ( chemically similar to material on Earth ) . ★accertion :- the collection of gas and dust to form larger bodies like stars planets and moons ☆ planetesimal A primodial body of intemediate size,up to perhaps 1km across which accreted into planets or astroids. ★planet Body object obiting a star or stellar remnanr that is rounded by its own gravity ( can be made of rock inner planets ) or gas ( outer planets ). ■ Earth structur ○solid inner corn ○liquid outer○stiffer mantle○soild brittle crust $ ellipsoid Vs Spherical $ ellipsoid:- Plaets the are flatter at the poles than the equator Spherical:- a perfectly rounded cicular object ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆ 9. THE PERFECT STORM; A RECIPE FOR LIFE Earths magnetic field extending from the south pole to tge notth pole that have equal and oppodite charges ateither end . Ultraviolet radiation electromagnetic radiation of high energy and short wavelengths ..... Period of early havy bombardment Asteroid impacts around 3900ma (million year ago( that destroyed almost all geological evidence of the Earth structure . ...... The perfect storm 1• development of the earths magnetic field 2• decrase in early heavy meteor bombardment 3• change in the chemistry of the early Earth
Posted on: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 20:29:46 +0000
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