1- 2 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Chapter Contents 1 . 1 A B r i e f H i s t o r y o f C o m p u t i n g 1 . 2 T h e V o n N e u m a n n M o d e l 1 . 3 T h e S y s t e m B u s M o d e l 1 . 4 L e v e l s o f M a c h i n e s 1 . 5 A T y p i c a l C o m p u t e r S y s t e m 1 . 7 O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e B o o k 1 . 8 C a s e S t u d y : W h a t H a p p e n e d t o S u p e r c o m p u t e r s ? 1- 3 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Some Definitions • C o m p u t e r a r c h i t e c t u r e d e a l s w i t h t h e f u n c t i o n a l b e h a v i o r o f a c o m p u t e r s y s t e m a s v i e w e d b y a p r o g r a m m e r ( l i k e t h e s i z e o f a d a t a t y p e – 3 2 b i t s t o a n i n t e g e r ) . • C o m p u t e r o r g a n i z a t i o n d e a l s w i t h s t r u c t u r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t a r e n o t v i s i b l e t o t h e p r o g r a m m e r ( l i k e c l o c k f r e q u e n c y o r t h e s i z e o f t h e p h y s i c a l m e m o r y ) . • T h e r e i s a c o n c e p t o f l e v e l s i n c o m p u t e r a r c h i t e c t u r e . T h e b a s i c i d e a i s t h a t t h e r e a r e m a n y l e v e l s a t w h i c h a c o m p u t e r c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d , f r o m t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , w h e r e t h e u s e r i s r u n n i n g p r o g r a m s , t o t h e l o w e s t l e v e l , c o n s i s t i n g o f t r a n s i s t o r s a n d w i r e s . 1- 4 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Wolf Radius Bone • W o l f r a d i u s b o n e c a . 2 5 , 0 0 0 – 3 0 , 0 0 0 B . C . s h o w i n g 5 5 c u t s i n g r o u p s o f fi v e , s u g g e s t i n g a r u d i m e n t a r y f o r m o f m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o r d i v i s i o n . ( S o u r c e : I l l u s t r a t e d L o n d o n N e w s , O c t o b e r 2 , 1 9 3 7 . ) 1- 5 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Tally Sticks • O r i g i n a l w o o d e n t a l l y s t i c k s f r o m W e s t m i n s t e r , E n g l a n d , c a . 1 2 5 0 – 1 2 7 5 A . D . ( © S S P L / T h e I m a g e W o r k s . ) 1- 6 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Chinese Abacus • R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f 3 9 , 0 1 7 o n a C h i n e s e a b a c u s . 1- 7 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Cylinder Music Box • V i c t o r i a n S w i s s c y l i n d e r m u s i c b o x , d a t e d 1 8 6 2 . ( S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w . l i v e a u c t i o n e e r s . c o m / a u c t i o n s / e b a y / 4 9 7 1 9 9 . h t m l . ) 1- 8 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Pascal ’ s Calculating Machine • P e r f o r m s b a s i c a r i t h m e t i c o p e r a t i o n s ( e a r l y t o m i d 1 6 0 0 ’ s ) . D o e s n o t h a v e w h a t m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d t h e b a s i c p a r t s o f a c o m p u t e r . ( S o u r c e : I B M A r c h i v e s p h o t o g r a p h . ) 1- 9 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Babbage ’ s Difference Engine #1 • W o r k i n g p o r t i o n o f B a b b a g e ’ s D i f f e r e n c e E n g i n e N o . 1 , w h i c h i s t h e fi r s t k n o w n a u t o m a t i c c a l c u l a t o r . ( © S S P L / T h e I m a g e W o r k s . ) 1- 1 0 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g The Jacquard Pattern Weaving Loom • T h e J a c q u a r d p a t t e r n w e a v i n g l o o m ( c a . 1 8 0 4 ) . ( S o u r c e : T h e D e u t s c h e s M u s e u m . ) 1- 1 1 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Enigma • S i e m e n s H a l k s e T - 5 2 S t u r g e o n ( E n i g m a ) c i p h e r m a c h i n e . ( P h o t o a n d c o p y c o u r t e s y J o h n A l e x a n d e r , G 7 G C K L e i c e s t e r , E n g l a n d . ) 1- 1 2 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Colossus • T h e C o l o s s u s ( c a . 1 9 4 4 ) . ( S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w . t u r i n g . o r g . u k / t u r i n g / s c r a p b o o k / e l e c t r o n i c . h t m l . ) 1- 1 3 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g The ENIAC ( T i m e & L i f e P i c t u r e s / G e t t y I m a g e s . ) 1- 1 4 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Moore ’ s Law • C o m p u t i n g p o w e r d o u b l e s e v e r y 1 8 m o n t h s , f o r t h e s a m e p r i c e . 1- 1 5 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g UltraSPARC I V+ Layout • D i e p h o t o o f U l t r a S P A R C I V + , 2 9 5 m i l l i o n t r a n s i s t o r s , 1 9 . 7 m m × 1 7 . 0 m m . ( S ource: “ B est Servers of 2004 ” , Kevin K rewell , 1/18/05, Microprocessor, M PRonline . com, Reed Electronics Group, ref: h10018.www1.hp/ . ) 1- 1 6 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g The v on Neumann Model • T h e v o n N e u m a n n m o d e l c o n s i s t s o f fi v e m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s : ( 1 ) i n p u t u n i t ; ( 2 ) o u t p u t u n i t ; ( 3 ) a r i t h m e t i c l o g i c u n i t ; ( 4 ) m e m o r y u n i t ; ( 5 ) c o n t r o l u n i t . 1- 1 7 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g The System Bus Model • A r e fi n e m e n t o f t h e v o n N e u m a n n m o d e l , t h e s y s t e m b u s m o d e l h a s a C P U ( A L U a n d c o n t r o l ) , m e m o r y , a n d a n i n p u t / o u t p u t u n i t . • C o m m u n i c a t i o n a m o n g c o m p o n e n t s i s h a n d l e d b y a s h a r e d p a t h w a y c a l l e d t h e s y s t e m b u s , w h i c h i s m a d e u p o f t h e d a t a b u s , t h e a d d r e s s b u s , a n d t h e c o n t r o l b u s . T h e r e i s a l s o a p o w e r b u s , a n d s o m e a r c h i t e c t u r e s m a y a l s o h a v e a s e p a r a t e I / O b u s . 1- 1 8 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g Levels of Machines • T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r o f l e v e l s i n a c o m p u t e r , f r o m t h e u s e r l e v e l d o w n t o t h e t r a n s i s t o r l e v e l . • P r o g r e s s i n g f r o m t h e t o p l e v e l d o w n w a r d , t h e l e v e l s b e c o m e l e s s a b s t r a c t a s m o r e o f t h e i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c o m p u t e r b e c o m e s v i s i b l e . 1- 1 9 Chapter 1 - Introduction C o m p u t e r A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d O r g a n i z a t i o n b y M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g © 2 0 0 7 M . M u r d o c c a a n d V . H e u r i n g A Typical Computer System ( C omputer case source b aber . com/cases/mpe_md14_silver. h tm . Motherboard source ftp://ftp. t yan . com/img_mobo/i_s2895. t if )
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