CHAPTER ONE 1:0 Introductions Mindu Neighbourhood Site is located at Mindu Ward, in Morogoro District with an area of 271.9 hectares which is equivalent to 2719283.488 square metres. It is 20 km away from the Central Business District (CBD) along Morogoro – Iringa road on the southern side, at latitude 6° 45΄ south of the equator and longitude 37° 20΄ east of the Greenwich Meridian. This site is bordered by arterial road in the Western side, Mindu forest in the Northern part, seasonal river in the Eastern side and Highway of Morogoro to Iringa road on the Southern part. The site is passed by high tension electrical power from Kidatu to Dar es Salaam. 1:1Reasons for Designing MinduNeighbourhood The Morogoro municipal decided to design these neighbourhoods due to the following reasons:- iThe main objectives of this task is to enable the student to acquire basic principles and skills in neighbourhood planning as well as to understand concepts and techniques of Urban Land Use Planning in terms of space utilisation and functional relationships of activities. ii. The demand of Mindu residences for land use design in their area which could enable them either to sell the plots to other people or for further development. iii. Presence of various Public and Private Institutions demand for Land for further development like Mindu primary school. iv. Existence of informal settlements within the area which limit the provision of different services and other utilities for example the presence of houses which are under the high tension electricity power line and those which are within the Mindu forest reserve at the northern part of the site. v. To enhance the proper utilization of available resources within the area as based on the carrying capacity. vi. Provision of various services such as water supply, health facilities, playing grounds and shopping facilities makes the design of Mindu inevitable to reduce various land conflicts. The existing land which bring about different land conflicts, so by designing the area would solve these expected conflicts. Map 1:1 Location maps (National setting, Morogoro District, Mindu) Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY 2:1 PROCESSES/STEPS The methods and technique which were employed during the conducting of in industrial training field work were as follow:- PROCESSES LITERATURE REVIEW SITE RECONNAISANCE BASE MAP PREPERATION BASE MAP UPDATING SITE ANALYSIS PROGRAMMING AND CONCEPTUALIZATION BLOCKPLANPREPARATION PRESENTATION DETAILEDPLAN PREPARATION PRESENTATION REPORTWRITING PRESENTATION 2:2:1Literature review To understand the neighborhood concept we reviewed various documents which include the Morogoro Master plan (1974), and other technical documents which describe in details the various technical studies, researches, analysis, design standards proposal and plans. By reviewing these documents we came out with the knowledge of planning concept and standards in neighborhood design and its components. Literature review helped us to know different components to be accommodated in the neighborhood design and its nature. According to Morogoro Master Plan (1974) the neighborhood accommodates about 3000- 7000 population. The Master Plan proposed the neighborhood unit to have primary schools of 1.6Ha. 2:2:2 Base Map Preparations We prepared the base maps of Minduneighbourhood which later we used in site reconnaissance and updating process, this involved tracing and plotting coordinates so as to plot boundaries of the neighbourhood, at that process of base map updating we added feature which are existing on the ground but they are not found on the base map and removing those features appearing on the base map but they do not exist on the ground; these features include valleys, paths, water sources, etc. We use different tools and methods so as to make the task of updating accurate .We used pacing, capturing coordinates with hand held GPS and Geo- GIS GPS, measuring distance with tape and observing different features. The base map had to be prepared so as to be used during field work. Those base maps were prepared in scale of 1:2500 from the master plan of Morogoro. After base map preparation we start to conduct site resonances and then after we went to another stage which is base map updating as it is explain below:- 2:2:3 Base Map Updating The aim of updating the base map was to map the exiting features that are not on the base map. By using the base map which was, there are some features which were added at the site, which were not presence on the base map for instance the farms (maize and sunflower), brick making sites, boma for livestock and pigs and new foot paths showing how they get access to the farms. In the updating process we managed to update the following buildings, roads, Landscapeelements and footpaths by using different tools such as GPS, Tape measure and digital camera. In the base map updating process we employed different methods such as observation, measurement and plotting features on the base map. It was carried out through; i) Transect walk The objective was to get the exact location of the features and resources mentioned earlier through the process of walking in spiral movement along the traverse line and making the observation of various land uses, resources and soil types. ii) Soil testing The objective to know the type of soil with respect to the activity done and vegetation growing and we used the fingers for testing the soil due to lack of soil augur and observation. The soil types we observed were loam sand, loam and sand soil. 2:2:4 Site analyses; After the above steps we conducted site analysis where by various analysis were done as they explain in the following chapters:- MAP 2:1 UPDATED BASE MAP OF MINDU SITE Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Plate 2:1Features updated during field work at Mindu Neighbourhood Site Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 CHAPTER THREE TOPOGRAPHY 3:0Introduction The topography is characterized by both the steep sloping at the northern part where there is Mindu forest and gently sloping land at the southern part of the site with gradients of 10.4% and 2.7% respectively. The sloping characteristic of land is categorized as follows:- 3:1 Flat area This is the area lying on the basement of the hill. This zone is potential low cost construction/development as they don’t need much excavation in our site is allocated at southern part of the map and at least at the centre of the site. 3:2 Hill top The site is characterized with rock outcrops not ideal for development. Ideally they are for conservation including tree planting. Because of their high elevation they command distant scenery and therefore portray the beauty of the town at horizon. This area is therefore potential zones for hill sports, active and passive recreational activities, installation of telecommunication antennas, masts, and water reservoirs. In our site is allocated at the northern part of the map where there is Mindu mountains. Plate 3:1cross section CHAPTER FOUR EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE AT MINDU SITE 4:0 Introduction Infrastructure is the physical framework which involves provision of different utilities and services to the particular communities in order to enhance social, economic and cultural activities. The components of Infrastructures include the road networks, solid waste management, liquid waste management, drainage system, water supply, electricity supply and telecommunication. These systems are considered essential for enabling productivity in the economy at large in that particular area. 4:1 Water supply Water supply is through the seasonal Rivers where people dig the holes for preserving the water from these seasonal rivers, also there some water points which are within a site. This is used mainly for brick making, irrigation for cultivated crops such as maize, cow pea, sunflower, and for domestic consumption. There were two water points which saves the population at site and which have been constructed by the Government also there is another one which is under construction and it is constructed by Roman Catholic Church. The infrastructures found at Mindusite are explained below: Plate 4:1 Water Supply Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 4:2 Electricity supply The site is crossed with the High Tension Power line from Kidatu to Dar es Salaam. Plate 4:2Electricity Supply Source: Industrial Training Field Work URP students July2012 4:3 Drainage The site has no drainage systems. Access roads around and within the site were locally constructed whereby the construction of the drainage system to run the storm water were not considered, due to this condition the occurrence of floods happens frequently during the rainy season which causes destruction of cultivated crops as well as the whole bricks construction at river valley. But the Highway of Iringa to Dar es Salaam is connected with storm drainage system. Plate 4:3 Drainage system at MinduSite Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 4:4 Solid waste Management At Mindusite the solid waste management is done in two ways, some of the residential house had been found with the pit for dumping their solid waste while others they throughout their waste in the environment which cause environmental pollution and probably eruption of diseases like cholera. Plate 4:4 Solid waste Management at Mindu site Source: Industrial Training Field Work URP students July2012 The missing infrastructure systems that seem to so essential to human beings that provide the public safety are liquid waste management, telecommunication services and storm water drainage system that through transect walk were not observed within the site. Therefore it can be concluded that the infrastructure found at the site are of poor development this is because there are few human settlement development. Due to this the site is mainly dominated by agricultural activities and livestock keeping as well as to the northern part is dominated with forest reserve known as Mindu forest. MAP 4:1 INFRASTRUCTURE MAP Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 CHAPTER FIVE EXISTING ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 5:0 Introduction Economic activities refers to the activities that are conducted in an area by the people of a certain area with the aim of producing, parking, selling, distributing as well as consuming of goods and services that lead to accumulation of money and wealth with the view of fulfilling some wants or needs. Examples of economic activities in general are agriculture, trade, fishing, transportation, social services provision, hunting and gathering. Currently at Mindu site there are different economic activities which are conducted so as to fulfil livelihood among residents both around the site and outside the site through commercial activities. Basically there three economic activities which are conducted at Mindu site, and they include: Crop cultivation Livestock keeping Brick making 5:1Crop cultivation Crop cultivation can be defined as science of practicing or tilling the earth’s surface to produce crops for both commercial and consumption. Globally there are different forms of crop cultivation which are shifting cultivation, subsistence farming, commercial farming, inter-cropping, intensive farming as well as extensive farming. At Minduthe forms of crop cultivation that are conducted are inter-cropping, monocropping, commercial and subsistence farming. A. Inter-cropping This is a farming system that involves mixing different crops in the same farm. At Minduwe observed maize and sunflower planted on the same yard,cow pea and maize planted together as well the mixture of maize and sunflower. Plate 5:1:1Inter-cropping of maize and cassava at Mindu area Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 (B)Mono-cropping This is a farming system that involves cultivation of a single crop type in the same farm. At Mindu most of farms are plantedon this system and they include maize, cow pea. Plate 5:1:2Mono-cropping of maize and Cow pea at Mindu area Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 B. Commercial farming This is a system that involve cultivation of a crops for selling either within an area of production or outside an area of production. At Mindu the crops produced for commercial are sunflower coconuts and cow pea. Plate 5:3Typical commercial crops at Mindu Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 C. Subsistence farming This is a farming system that involves production of crops for consumption. At Mindusite the subsistence crops are maize, banana, cow pea and cassava. Plate 5:4 typical subsistence crops at Mindu Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 The type of crop cultivation conducted at Mindusite is small scale farming, whereby their farms are characterized by small farms, poor tools of production like using hand hoes, lack of pesticides, mixing crops in the same farm, depending on local market as well as dependence on rainfall instead of using the river source to provide water for irrigation. 5:2Livestock keeping Livestock keeping is an activity, which deal with raising or keeping live stocks. Globally these live stocks include, goats, sheep, cattle as well as poultry for either commercial or consumption or both. At Mindu there is grassland and shrubs where live stocks are fed. Also there are seasonal river which the residents called them as korongoniwhere live stocks get water and sometime residents for various economic activities like making bricks. The livestock keeping system at Mindu is free grazing, where by cattle and goats are grazed on the rangelands and returned back home in the evening. This system however leads to soil erosion in the area. These live stocks kept by free grazing are cattle and goats. Plate 5:2:1Cattle and goats reared by free grazing at Mindu Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Also the other system practiced at Mindu is zero grazing. This is when live stocks are kept in their sheds and both water and pastures are brought in. Pigs are reared by zero grazing at Mindu. Plate 5:2:2 Cattle and Pigs are reared by zero grazing at Mindu. Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 5:3 Brick making Brick making is a process of using clay soil so as to produce or extracting bricks. Bricks can then either be burnt in the tunnel or not burnt. At Mindu both burnt bricks and non-burnt bricks were observed. Burnt bricks are sold at Tshs. 100/= per brick. The bricks are transported from an area of production to the consumer by Lorries. Plate 5:3:1Brick making at Mindu. Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 5:4 Fishing activity Fishing is another economic activities that take place at Mindu area particularly Mindu dam where by people get fishes as food and for commercial purposes. Most of people use nets which has small holes famous as kokoro for trap fishes which is bad because these nets tend to trap small fishes which are not yet to be trap as a result lack of fishes for the coming generation. The management should work accordingly to avoid disappearance of fishes. Plate 5:4:1 Example of net of small opening used for fishing at Mindu dam Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Map5:1 Existing economic activities at Mindusite Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 CHAPTER SIX EXISTING ROADS AND FOOTPATH 6:1ROADS In Mindu site there are many access roadsfor example one start from Morogoro to Iringa road up to Mindu primary school and another from the Morogoro to Iringa road up to nearby Mindu Mountain. These roads which are within and surrounding a site can be grouped into three categories these are footpath, access and tarmac roads. Access roads are those which are found inside the site which enable the residents to reach into different area within the site for example from Mindu to Madaganya Street, foot path are those which provides accessibility to various places in the site for example from home to farms while tarmac road is that bounder the site at the southern part (Morogoro – Iringa road). 6:1:1 Arterial road (BOUNDARY ROADS) These are roads which found at the boundary of the site they act as boundary of the site and they found from different location and direction as follows. One of the Arterial roads in the site is one which found in the western part havingwidth of 3M, this road is mostly used by pedestrian, vehicles and cattle track. Another road is Morogoro to Iringa road with Right Of Way of 60M and is of tarmac standard. It is the major road and it is used by through traffic movement and provides the link to neighbouring regions like Dar es Salaam, Iringa and others. Plate 6:1 arterial road Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 6:2 FOOTPATH These are a very thin road that provides access to people in different places like grazing areas, premises forms and other area where social and economic facilities or activities are. In Mindu site there are 15footpaths where 1among of them is found at the Northern part of the site. It serves people who are going to fetch water at the seasonal river and also going to the farms and it has width of 1metre. Another one is the path which is directed to grazing area, it found at the Northern part of the Mindu site and it has 1metre as its width. There is another two foot path which serves residential building, they are found at the south and Eastern part of the site and they are of 1metre and 0.8metre width respectively. Plate 6:2 existing footpath Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Another one is the one which have dual function it is used by people who go to the cemetery area and accessibility to the nearby house. It found in the central part of the site, this footpath have width of 1.5metre. Another footpath is the one which found south eastern part of the site and have width of 2.2M and serves cemetery areas. Map 6:1existing road and footpath Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 CHAPTER SEVEN EXISTING BUILDING 7:0 Introduction Refers to build up structures which are existing on the site which were indicated and some were not indicated on the map to be updated. Most of the buildings at the Mindu site are completed building and some buildings are under construction. The building were unevenly distributed in the site as follows; in the west and central parties there are buildings which are completed constructedwhile other are under construction, insouth there some buildings and Mindu primary school in the South Western part there are also buildings and in the Eastern and northern parties there are no buildings the area areas dominated by Mindu forest. 7:1 Categories of existing building At Mindu site two categories of building were found these are completed buildingand under construction building. Plate 7:1Completed building under construction building Completed building Building under construction Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 7:1:1Building materials At the site two types of building materials were used for constructions which are traditional building materials and modern building materials. Traditional building materials are materials used for building construction without undergoing any major physical and/ or chemical changes. The traditional building materials used in construction at Mindu site are mud used as binder, wooden poles used as column and mud bricks used for walling. Modern building materials are the materials used for building construction after undergoing any major physical and/or chemical changes. The modern building materials which used for building construction at Mindu are cement used as binder, burnt bricks for walling, iron sheet used as roofing materials and timber used for openings. Plate 7:1modern building materials used at Mindu site Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Note: In some of the buildings both traditional building materials and modern building materials were used for example burnt bricks were used for walling and mud as binder. Plate 7:2building under construction used by both modern and traditional materials Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 7:2 Building condition The building condition at Mindu site was poor in terms of facilities such as; water supply, sanitation, accessibility and electric supply. Generally most of buildings at Mindu are poorly accessible even by footpath and buildings lack facilities such as waste places hence this can lead to eruption of diseases due to poor management of both solid and liquid wastes as well as poor water supply since most of people depend on untreated water from seasonal river. Plate 7:2:1 Poor housing condition at Mindu Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 7:3Adjacent development. Mindu site is boarded in Eastern part by a Madaganya street in the South part there is a Mindu dam, in the western part there is Kasanga street and northern part there is forest reserve known as Mindu forest. Map 7:1 existing building Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 CHAPTER EIGHT COMMUNITY FACILITIES 8:0 Introduction Community facilities are the services provided by the government or private sectors to save the people within a given society. These facilities are such as schools, education centres, Health centres, and cemetery. In Mindu site at there is only one primary school known as Mindu primary school, there is mosque, and churches. 8:1 Cemetery The first part was the cemetery found below the high tension electricity power line with a size of0.2 Ha and the second cemetery was above the high tension with the size0.615Haof the total size 0.8hectares. These two places of cemetery save people for burying their relatives within the community. The cemetery area found above and below the high tension was established before 1972. Plate 8:1Mindu site with cemeteries Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Plate 8:2 Primary School Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Map 8:1Existing community facility Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 CHAPTER NINE SOIL ANALYSIS 9:0 Introduction Soil is a natural body consisting of layers or soil horizons of primarily mineral constituents which differ from the parent materials in their texture, structure, consistency, and colour, chemical, biological and other physical characteristics. Soil can also be defined as the upper part of the earth crust which consists of clay, sand and loam soil. Mindu site is dominated by three different types of soil which are sand, loam-sand and loam soil. 9:1The methods applied for determining soil types We applied four different methods to determine soil types at Mindu site. Those methods were; i. Observation ii. Soil testing by using finger tips iii. Analysis on permeability degree of the soil iv. Analysis on soil capability to support vegetation Observation; when we visited Mindu site we undertook observation method so as to determine soil types. Under observation, we used our own eyes to determine the soil types dominating the site. As a result, we observed that, Mindusite is dominated by loam, sand and loam- sand. Soil testing by using fingers; we also undertook soil test to determine soil types by using fingers (finger tips). The method was helpful since with it we became able to determine various soil types found at the site such asloam, loam – sand and sand soil due to the fact that loam soil particles are close together and sand soil particles tend to be loose. Analysis on the permeability degree of the soil; Permeability degree of the soil refers to the ability of the soil to allow water to pass through. Some soils tend to have high permeability degree compared to the other. When we visited Mindusite, became able to determine soil Types by using this method because during reconnaissance survey, in this case we poured water on land and we observed that some parts of the land had water logs while others had not. Therefore the result we got was,sand and loam soil tend to have high permeability degree as water sink deep down into the ground very fast since sand particles are loose. Analysis on the soil capability to support vegetation; we also examined the soil capability to support vegetation. The soil capability to support vegetation differs from one type of soil to another. Comparably, the capability of loam soil to support vegetation or plant growth cannot be the same to that of both sand and loam - sand soil. Crop cultivation has flourished in some parts of the site. There was cultivation of maize, cassava, cow pea and sunflower in the site which directly indicated existence of such soil. 9:2 Soil types exist at Mindu site The soil types that exist at Mindu site are such as loam soil, sand soil and loam – sand soil. Loam soil; the loam soil is reddish in colour. This is one of the soil types existing in Mindu site in the soil map is allocated in northern west and east of the map. The loam soil is very fertile in nature compared to soil since it has high capability to support plant growth or vegetation. Existence of loam soil in Mindu site has positive effect due to the fact that it supports production of maize, cow pea, and sunflower. Plate9:2:1 Loam soil Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Sand soil; this is another soil type which is found in Mindu site in the soil map is located along the seasonal rivers up to the central and south of the map. We could determine existence of sand soil in Mindu site by observing, testing soil by using finger tips, examining permeability degree of the soil and examining soil capability to support vegetation or plant growth. In Mindu site, those parts with sand soil are characterized by the growth of sunlight crops. The sand soil has high permeability degree since sand particles are loose. Plate 9:2:2 Sand soil Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Map9:1 Soil analysis Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 CHAPTER TEN VEGETATION AND LANDSCAPE ELEMENT 10:0 Introduction Vegetation refers to as ground cover profile of the plants. In general vegetation refers to the structure life form spatial existence or any other specific botanic/ geographical characteristics. In Mindusite, the vegetation cover found are of two types namely; natural vegetation and artificial vegetation. 10:1Natural vegetation These are vegetation covers which are naturally occurred in a certain place, they are not introduced by anyone but they are found in a place naturally. The natural vegetation which were found in Mindu site were bushes, thorns trees (shrubs) which are small in number, grasses and solitary trees like baobab trees. The baobab trees were located on the northern part of the site whereby they were observed in the scattered form and few in numbers. Grasses, bushes and shrubs were found over the mostly area which was not covered by farms and buildings. Plate 10:1 Solitary trees and grasses as natural occupying plants Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 10:2Artificial vegetation These are vegetation which is introduced by man. In the site these type of vegetation were maize, sunflower, cassava, and cow pea. The maize plantation were found in the middle part of the site were sunflower, cassava, and cow pea plantation at small extent. Plate 10:2 sunflowers, cassava, maize and cow pea,plantations as cultivated plants Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Associated features of vegetation: Soil: soil type contributes much on the vegetation growth as most of the plantations/farms were seen to take place in loam soil as well as sand soil. For example, it was observed that on the area which covered with loam soil the vegetation found were natural including baobab trees, shrubs, grasses and thorn trees. This is caused by the characteristics of the loam soil which is fine in particles hence difficult for water to penetrate causing water logging for a time during rainfall. But on the areas of complete sand soil was observed to be covered by artificial vegetation like maize, sunflower, palm trees and cow pea. Climate:Mindu climate is of moderate temperature and moderate rainfall which is a condition supporting the growth of both artificial and natural vegetation. The rainfall of the site is approximately 800mm to 1500mm. Advantage of vegetation and use: Soil erosion protection: the vegetation have a tendency of making the soil to be more stable by compacting of soil particles, hence making the surface to become hard, so during the rainy season the soil cannot be eroded. Provision of building materials. Here the natural vegetation is used during building construction such as roofing purpose. Provide shading; for example in the site we visited the shrubs, trees and bushes were acting as shading materials during the reign as most us we used them to get off rainfall. Provide food; such as maize, sunflower and cow pea grown in the site provide food to human beings. Provide vistas to the dweller or to the neighbours around the site as compared to the land covered by any vegetation cover. Landscape is described as general appearance of the earth’s surface, when viewed in terms of physiographic, environmental and aesthetics characteristics which meet the basic needs of the people for physical, mental health and happiness according to the principle of social and behavioural science. In Mind site the two types of landscape were observed namely soft and hard landscape. But the soft landscapes tend to dominate the site while the hard was seen in scarce. Soft landscape: is a type which includes soft material such as plant material and water. As soft landscape was seen to be dominant only two elements exist which were plant material and water. Plant material tend to cover the whole site whish exist in different forms such as solitary trees like baobab trees which were in large number in the north eastern part of the site. The shrubs act as the dominant features in the site as they could be viewed from different direction of the site. Also there were bushes and grasses which were covering the whole site. All these plant material are naturally occurring. Water bodies are another soft landscape that was seen in the site. On the eastern part of the site there is a river which is nearby the boundary of the site in the north eastern part of the map thathelps people in domestic use andbricks making activities. Plate10:5 River as soft landscape Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Hard landscape elements: is the type of landscape which includes hard surface such as pavements, street furniture and fixture and building. The elements found within the site were buildings, and the electricity extension wire. These building were of two categories namely; complete category and under construction category. The complete category consisted of two buildings which were built by using iron sheet and were used for livestock keeping as the pigs were seen in those building while the other category was constructed using burnt bricks. Plate 10: 6 Building as hard landscape among the soft ones Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Table 10:1 Summary of the landscape elements Elements Type of landscape Function Building Hard -Livestock keeping -Accommodating the residents Plants soft -Protect soil erosion in the site -used as food -used as shading material as people use them from being exposed to sunshine and rainfall Water soft -used for domestic activities -used for irrigation purpose Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Map 10:1 existing vegetation and landscape Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 CHAPTER ELEVEN PROGRAMMING AND PLANNING DESIGNS 11:0 Introductions Programming for Mindu Neighbourhood in Morogoro municipal Council, composed of matters like, calculation of the area of the neighbourhood, establishment of different land uses which are residential area which divided into three parts basing on density namely high density, medium density and low density, neighbourhood centre, road network, open spaces and housing estate associated with calculations of the supportable population densities and the total number of dwelling units and the standards to be used. 11:1 Calculation of the Area of Land use Distribution i) Total Neighbourhood area The full square box is Half full square box is It follows that: + = square box But 1 square = 62500 m2 Square =? Square x 62500 m2 Then: 1 Ha = 10000 m2 ? = 1560000 m2 Therefore Total neighbourhood is 156 Ha Therefore total buildable land Area is 168.7 Ha 11:2 Residential Residential Percentage of planning area 60% The area required: Then; 60/100 x 156Ha = 93.6Ha 11:2:1 High Densities Percentage of planning area is 50% Then; 50/100 x 93.6 Ha = 46.8 Ha 11:2:2 Medium Densities Percentage of planning area is 30%: Then; 30/100 x 93.6 Ha = 28.08 Ha 11:2:3 Low Densities Percentage of planning area is 20%: Then; 20/100 x 93.6Ha = 18.72Ha 11:3 Road Network Percentage of planning area is 17%: Then; 17/100 x 156Ha = 26.52Ha 11:4 Open Spaces Percentage of planning area is 10% Then; 10/100 x 156 Ha = 15.6 Ha 11:5Neighborhood Centre Percentage of planning area is 10%: Then; 10/100 x 156Ha = 15.6 Ha 11:6 Housing Estates Percentage of planning area in 5 Ha Then; 5/156Ha x100 = 2.96% or = 3% But the required Estate planning area is 2.5 Ha x 2 Housing Estates = 5 Ha Therefore: Road Networks + Open Spaces + neighbourhood Centre + Housing Estate (26.52Ha) + (15.6Ha) + (15.6 Ha) + (5 Ha) = 62.72 Ha of Buildable Land Area The residential area will be Buildable area – Other land uses = residential area 156Ha – 62.72 Ha =93.28 Ha 11:7 CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF RESIDENTIAL PLOTS High density areas: Plot size (18×25) = 450 m2 1 Ha = 10,000 m2 46.8Ha = m2 Then; 46.8Ha X 10000 m2 The number of plots will be 780(Plots) Medium density areas: Plot size (25 x32) = 800 m2 1 Ha = 10,000 m2 28.08 Ha = m2 Then; 28.08Ha x 10000 m2 The number of plots will be 350(Plots) Low density areas: Plot size (30 x 50) = 1500 m2 1 Ha = 10,000 m2 18.72 Ha = m2 Then; 18.72Ha x 10000 m2 The number of plots will be 138 (Plots) Therefore: Total number of plots =1268 plots Total population supported is calculated as follow: High density 5 people per household = 5 x 780 plots = 3900 Population Medium density 6 people per household = 6 x 350 plots = 2100 Population Low density 7 people per household = 7 x 138plots = 966 Population Total Population Supported is 6966 11:2:4 Neighbourhood centre Neighborhood centre occupies 10% of the buildable land area which is equal to 17.23 Ha then the facilities located at the neighbourhoods centre will occupy a land use distribution as follow i) Primary school occupy 13.93% of the Neighborhood centre 13.93/100 x 15.6 = 2.17 Ha ii) Shopping centre occupies 0.24% of the Neighborhood centre which is equal to 18.75 Ha Then: 0.24/100 x 15.6 = 0.037Ha ii) Service industry occupies 7.55% of the Neighborhood centre area which is equal to 1Ha Then: 7.55/100 x 15.6 = 1.17Ha iii) Religious centre occupies 2.9 % of the Neighborhood centre which is equal to 15.6 Ha Then: 2.9/100 x 15.6= 0.45 Ha iv) Local administrative building occupies 1.28 % of the Neighborhood centre which is equal to 15.6Ha Then: 1.28/100 x 15.6 = 0.2Ha v) Dispensary occupies 5.80% of Neighborhood centre which is equal to 15.6Ha Then: 5.80/100 x 15.6 = 0.91Ha vi) Neighborhood park occupies 1Ha of the buildable land area 11:8 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 11:8:1 Topography as factor for Design Consideration The slope of the Mindu neighbourhood site is 1% this implies that when a slope is under 4% we argue that the gradient which rises less than 4m in every 100m of horizontal distance seems to be flat and are usable for all kinds of intense activities. The significance of landform in Neighbourhood design is that it affects the aesthetic character of an area, the definition and perception of space, views, drainage, microclimate, land use and organisation of functions. In sites of level topography, it functions as a unifying factor, visually and functionally connecting other components in the landscape together. 11:8:2 Economic Status The high density plots are surrounding the neighbourhood centre to enable the easy access of services even by walking for non-motorized individual. High income earners (lower density and medium plots) are located in area where construction mechanism needs enough income like those in clay soil which is stiff and cohesive when dry, and its reaction to frost is less extreme. But it tends to be impervious and may slip, swell or soften when wet. So it will often be a good bearing soil if it can be kept dry. Therefore the housing foundation should be piled to overcome the cracking of walls. 11:8:3 Soil type and Characteristic in Housing Construction The site is dominated by loam clay soil, loam soil and clay soil. The loam soil may be used for construction of houses when the soil is combined with straw is used as rough construction materials for walls. This is oldest technology for house construction. Therefore part of the site in north east and western part has been divided for high density plots where lower income earners can afford to construct their house with minimum costs. The loamy clay soil is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay particles which feels crumbly, soft and slippery in wet condition making it difficult to work in moisture condition. Therefore the medium density plots are allocated in this area where they can construct their house with enough income. However the high density plots in north part falls in this type of soil so these can also afford to construct in this soil type. 11:8:4The principle of Balance Balance in design refers to the equilibrium or equality of visual attraction. Symmetrical balance is achieved when one side of the design is a mirror image of the other. Therefore the clustering gives the balance of the neighbourhood by having four clusters and all them being saved by neighbourhood centre. 11:8:5The Clarence Perry Principle of Neighbourhood design. The neighbourhood concept was developed with belief that localisation of facilities would enhance the creation of sense of community. The main ideas were: to enhance local autonomy and self-sufficiency reduce functional distance between households through centralisation of facilities also increase traffic safety for pedestrians. We see that the Roads serving the neighbourhood should be of varying widths since major arterial road is 60m wide, major collector roads 30m wide, and minor collector is 20m wide which are designed to accommodate intra neighbourhood traffic effectively. Such a layout create harmonious residential environment. Table 11:9 Summary of design consideration LAND USE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS RESIDENTIAL 1. High density area High density is located north east and south east of Mindu, because there is loam soil which is not complicated during construction since high density plots are owned by low income earners compared to clay soil which requires pile foundation. 2. Medium density area It is located South west part neighbourhood unit. The area is loamy clay soil with easy construction for higher income earner. 3. Low density area It is located East part of the neighbourhood unit where the clay soil dominates therefore people with high income can manage the effects of soil cracking by construction of pile foundation. ROAD NERTWORKS 1. Minor arterial road They act as boundary of neighbourhood with right of way of 30mand carriage way of 15m.The reason of minor arterial to be used a boundary is to discourage through traffic in the neighbourhood. 2. Collector roads Used to collect and distribute traffic from arterial road to major access with 20m right of way. Collector roads used to define neighbourhood centre and cluster 3. Major access road It collect and distribute traffic from collector road to access road while defining or separating the ten cell units in the clusters with 15m right of way and 6.5m carriage way 4. Access roads It join the major access road within the clusters and separate buildings or dwellings, also proving access to residential building with 10m right of way and 5m carriage way . 5. Footpath They are used by pedestrian to provide access along the neighbourhood unit OPEN SPACES Open spaces takes 10% of total buildable land. Open spaces are located at the centre of each cluster and whenever possible nursery school is located close to open space. Open spaces are used as playground for children and refreshment of mind and body and sometimes conducting meeting. NEIGHBOURHOOD CENTRE It is located at the centre of the neighbourhood unit in order to simplify the accessibility of all residents in the neighbourhood. The main reason is to reduce long walking distance for everybody to access the community facilities like primary school, local markets; playing ground etc. The neighbourhood centre bordered by collector roads in order to encourage high accessibility. HOUSING ESTATES This covers 5% of the planning area 5 Ha out of 156.0Ha of the total area of the neighbourhood. Has been located on North and South western part of the site. This housing estate is divided into two equal sub housing estates each one covers out of 2.5Ha whole housing estates. They are established in relation to economic status of the end user to enable both higher and lower income to acquire the house since one is located in high density plots to serve low income earners and another is located in medium plots to serve high income earners. Table 11:1 Summary of achieved plots for Mindu Neighbourhood LAND USE EXPECTED PLOTS ACHIEVED PLOTS Residential plots High density Medium density Low density TOTAL 780 350 148 1278 412 278 138 928 Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012 Table 11:10 summary of programming PRGORAMMING: SITE TOTAL AREA = 156.0Ha CONSTRAINT AREA = 0 Ha BUILDABLE AREA = 168.7 Ha LAND USE DISTRIBUTION EXPECTED RESIDENTIAL 60% AREA (Ha) % OF PLANNED AREA PLOT SIZE NO. OF PLOTS NO. OF PERSON PER PLOTS TOTAL POPULATION LOW DENSITY 18.72 20 1500 138 7 966 MEDIUM DENSITY 28.08 30 800 350 6 2100 HIGH DENSITY 46.8 50 600 780 5 3900 SUB TOTAL 100 1268 6966 NEIGHBOURHOOD CENTRE 10% DISPENSARY 1 5.80 PRIMARY SCHOOL 2.4 13.93 NEIGHBOUHOOD PARK 1 1 LOCAL MARKET 0.042 0.24 SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES 1.3 7.55 LOCAL ADMINSTRATIVE OFFICE 0.0025 1.28 CEMETRY HOUSING ESTATES 5% 1ST ESTATE 2.5 3 140X 180 1 2600 2ND ESTATE 2.5 3 140X 180 1 2600 OPEN SPACES 10% 15.6 10 ROAD NETWORK 23.4 17 Source: Industrial Training Field Work SURP students July2012
Posted on: Tue, 06 Aug 2013 09:52:55 +0000
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