DEFINITION OF BRAILLE Braille is a system of touch reading for the blind which employs embossed dots evenly arranged in quadrangular letter spaces or cells. In each cell, it is possible to place six dots, three high and two wide. By selecting one or several dots in characteristic position or combination, 63 different characters can be formed. To aid in describing these characters by their dot or dots, the six dots of the cell are numbered 1, 2, 3, downward on the left, and 4, 5, 6, downward on the right, thus: 1 � � 4 2 � � 5 3 � � 6 The 63 possible characters have a systematic arrangement and are universally grouped in a table of seven lines, as follows: 1st Line a b c d e f g h i j 2nd Line k l m n o p q r s t 3rd Line u v x y z & = ( ! ) 4th Line * < % ? : $ ] \ [ w 5th Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 6th Line / + # > - 7th Line @ ^ _ . ; , Line 1 is formed of dots 1, 2, 4, 5. Line 2 adds dot 3 to each of the characters of Line 1. Line 3 adds dots 3-6 to each of the characters of Line 1. Line 4 adds dot 6 to each of the characters of Line 1. Line 5 repeats the characters of Line 1 in the lower portion of the cell, using dots 2, 3, 5, 6. Line 6 is formed of dots 3, 4, 5, 6. Line 7 is formed of dots 4, 5, 6. Braille, as officially approved, comprises two grades. Grade 1 Braille is in full spelling and consists of the letters of the alphabet, punctuation, numbers, and a number of composition signs which are special to braille. Grade 2 Braille consists of Grade 1 and 189 contractions and short-form words, and should be known as English Braille. However, uncontracted braille should be designated as English Braille Grade 1. Below is a complete chart of the braille characters and their meanings: (Note: For other grades of braille, see App. C.) ALPHABET AND NUMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h i j a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z u v w x y z PUNCTUATION AND COMPOSITION SIGNS Sign Meaning 1 , comma; non-Latin letter indicator 2 ; semicolon 3 : colon 4 . period 6 ! exclamation 7 ( ) opening and closing parentheses ,7 [ opening bracket 7 ] closing bracket 8 � ? opening double quotation mark; question mark ,8 � opening single quotation mark 99 * asterisk 0 � closing double quotation mark 0 � closing single quotation mark / / bar; oblique stroke; fraction-line sign # # number sign > / : | line sign _ apostrophe ... ellipsis - - hyphen PUNCTUATION AND COMPOSITION SIGNS Sign Meaning -- � dash ---- braille double dash @ accent sign; print symbol indicator . italic sign; decimal point .. double italic sign ; letter sign , capital sign ,, double capital sign , termination sign 1 � ditto sign ONE-CELL WHOLE-WORD AND PART-WORD SIGNS Sign Meaning Sign Meaning Sign Meaning b but v very [ ow c can w will 1 ea d do x it 2 be* bb e every y you 3 con cc f from z as 4 dis dd g go & and* 5 en enough h have = for* 6 to ff j just ( of* 7 were gg k knowledge ! the* 8 his l like ) with* 9 in* m more * ch child 96 into n not < gh 0 was by p people % sh shall / st still q quite ? th this + ing r rather : wh which # ble s so $ ed > ar t that ] er - com u us \ ou out *These are used as both one-cell whole-word and part-word signs. TWO-CELL CONTRACTIONS Initial-letter Conctractions Preceded by Final-letter Contractios Preceded by Sign dot 5 dots 4-5 dots 4-5-6 dots 4-6 dots 5-6 dot 6 c � � cannot � � � d day � � ound � � e ever � � ance ence � f father � � � � � g � � � � ong � h here � had � � � k know � � � � � l lord � � � ful � m mother � many � � � n name � � sion tion ation one � � � � � p part � � � � � q question � � � � � r right � � � � � s some � spirit less ness � t time � � ount ment � u under upon � � � � w work word world � � � y young � � � ity ally ! there these their � � � * character � � � � � ? through those � � � � : where whose � � � � \ � � � � � � SHORT-FORM WORDS ab about al? although abv above alt altogether ac according alw always acr across 2c because af after 2f before afn afternoon 2h behind afw afterward 2l below ag again 2n beneath ag/ against 2s beside alm almost 2t betweeen alr already 2y beyond al also bl blind brl braille ll little *n children m* much 3cv conceive m/ must 3cvg conceiving myf myself cd could nec necessary dcv deceive nei neither dcvg deceiving oc oclock dcl declare of oneself dclg declaring \rvs ourselves ei either pd paid f/ first p]cv perceive fr friend p]cvg perceiving gd good p]h perhaps grt great qk quick h]f herself rcv receive hm him rcvg receiving hmf himself rjc rejoice imm immediate rjcg rejoicing xs its sd said xf itself %d should lr letter s* such !mvs themselves ?yf thyself td today, to-day tgr together tm tomorrow, to-morrow tn tonight, to-night wd would yr your yrf yourself yrvs yourselves
Posted on: Thu, 24 Oct 2013 15:08:07 +0000
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