Fashion in the Middle-ages The fashion practice in the middle age used to have more powers and authority than the prevailing fashion flow ever. Fashion in the middle ages was determined by the social class people were belonging to. Fashions worn in royal courts were restricted by laws across Europe. King Edward III imposed a law that only royalty were allowed to wear clothes made of gold and purple silk. The peasants, according to the law received allowances limiting them to what spend on clothing. Consequently it was mostly the rich and noble who could afford the latest trends in fashion. It was the same with the jewels too; there were laws to control who may wear jewelry. For example, knights were not allowed to wear rings. Men wore loose tunics, togas, trousers, laced sandals and pointed shoes. Women wore full length tunics which covered to their ankles, and they wore a girdle at the waist in order to create the appearance of a long waist. The Hairstyle.- While persons of rank were distinguished by their long flowing hair, the person wore their hair more or less short according to the degree of freedom which they possessed, and the serfs had their heads completely shaved. It was customary for the noble and free classes to wear to swear by their hair, and it was considered the height of politeness to pull out a hair and present it to a person. In that times the degradation of kings and princes was carried out in a public manner by shaving their heads and sending them into a monastery, on their regaining their rights and their authority, their hair was always allowed to grow again. Figurative art in the Middle-ages Figurative art is imitative representation of reality, the Greeks called mimesis. The figurative comes from the human figure and all figuration was imitative, all done eventually renamed imitative step this way. The figurative expression describes those works of art which is recognized by its external appearance represented the model naturally. The artist may have the model in front, allowing you to check your appearance as you will doing your homework, or have it in your memory. It is a concept opposite to abstract art. Figurative art refers to any form of art that clearly represents an image from the real world. Figurative art not only depicts a real subject but can also reflect the cultural values of the time in which it was made. Sculpture, portraiture, genre painting and artwork with religious or mythical themes can all be figurative art. Figurative art has the capability to depict a subject while alluding to intellectual concepts. Very often these emphases and aesthetic ideals are translated into the work of art in varying degrees and above mixed together. So you can see in the history of art where different artistic currents have been happening or contrasting with varying degrees naturalistic figuration longing or symbolic. During the Middle Ages again dominated figurative art in the service of religion and schematic representation becomes especially symbolic. MOMA, NY (USA) Images of oil painting Bathers (c. 1885-90) by Paul Cézanne and reference photo. The Social Class in the Middle-ages The social classes in the middle ages were three: 1. The nobility.- It was the King, the Lord and his vassals. It was formed mostly by people of franco or Germanic origin. 2. The clergy.- Apart from religious functions, he had a transcendental in society and culture role, since its members received a superior instruction that enabled them to direct society. An interesting aspect of the clerical establishment of the middle ages is that, although it was often satisfied with nobles, not excluded that humble peasants could also be ordered priests. 3. Rural population.- It was the base of the social pyramid. Its members except for a few that had remained free depended on any Lord, either by birth or by inheritance. The peasant or servant was not owner of his person, as part of the gleba, or land, and could not leave it without the consent of the Lord. Perhaps his biggest advantage was the of can not be booted of the estate, as it was attached to her almost as a perpetual tenant. Law and Punishment for Breaking Law in Middle Ages The law was introduced in 1154 when a lot of people had to prove they had no committed any crime. Thoughout the medieval period it was believed that the only way to keep order was to make sure that the people were scared of the punishments given for crimes. There was no police force in eh medieval period so, King Henry II decided to allow the community people were part of what was called “The Royal Court”. These people promised investigate only people for legitimate reasons. The group reached a veredict and decided wheter or not the defendant was innocent or guilty. But there were some other law in the middle age. These law was based around the rules of the bible. The church believed that the Lord was the governor of mankind and that all the rules he set out should be followed. The problem was that they took the laws of the bible and made it more serious than it should be. When a person was found guilty of certain crime, he or she had to have a punishment called “Torture” and, there was Three kind of torture: 1. The rack was a torture device that was designed to dislocate every bone in the body. . This machine worked by placing the victim tied both ends of the rack and stretching the person until they heared a large crack from every ligament in his or her body. 2. The other torture,”the quartering horses ” was very similar to the rack except for that each arm and leg was tied to a different horse. This torture was for the more serious crimes like trying to kill a noble. The horse riders then whip the horses making them gallop at totally different directions, stretching the body, trying to make every limb collapse. 3. It consisted of nudity and cutting off parts of the anal region. Education in the Middle-ages Medieval education was often conducted by the Church. Most cathedrals had a school to provide a free education to every boy and enforced a highly demanding course of study. Very few girls, if any, were educated at proper institutions, most girls were taught basic reading and writing at their own homes. The students were taught seven liberal arts; Latin, grammar, rhetoric, logic, astronomy, philosophy and mathematics. As compared with the dark ages, the students were encourages to get practical hands on experience of different things, and learn from the experiences of hunters and poachers about wildlife, and to learn about agriculture and livestock from farmers and peasants. Students used a bone or ivory to write on wooden tablets coated with green or black wax. Books were painstakingly written by hand and parchment for the pages was made from the dried hides of animals. Special inks had to be mixed to ensure they would set on the animal hides. Quill pens made from feathers were used for writing, and each quill was handmade to perfection and then tested to ensure that the pen worked with different strokes. The quill continued far beyond the medieval ages and was eventually replaced by the steel nib pens that we use today. There were three main types of schools in the 14th century: the elementary song-school, the monastic school and the grammar school. The elementary song-school was usually attached to a large church in a town. At this type of school young boys were taught to sing Latin hymns and songs. If there was an educated priest available the boys might learn how to read and write. Monastic schools were for boys being trained for the church. The boys were taught by monks and all lessons were concerned with religious education. Monastic schools sometimes taught local boys from poor families. In exchange for lessons these boys worked as servants in the monastery. Grammar schools were usually part of a cathedral or large church. The main concern of these schools was to teach boys Latin grammar. Grammar schools were very similar to the schools established by the Romans. As well as grammar the boys were taught logic (the art of arguing) and rhetoric (the art of public speaking). They also followed the Roman example of not spending much time on subjects such as mathematics and science. Law and Punishment for Breaking Law-Religion Behind most of the systems of justice in early civilizations lay the concept of vengeance, making the miscreant pay for his crime. Colonial practice took the matter a step further, making use of shame and shaming. Punishments were almost always public, for the aim was to humiliate the wayward sheep and teach him a lesson so that he would repent and be eager to find his way back to the flock Nothing made a colonial magistrate happier than public confessions of guilt and open expressions of remorse. The records tell of hundreds of colonial sinners forced to sit in the stocks in public view. After warnings and fines, this was one of the mildest punishments Music in the middle ages How was music used in the middle ages? Well music was used for entertainment. It was played at feasts and used for dancing. Peddlers (people who went around selling things) shouted or sang to advertise what they were selling. All this music is “secular” (not to do with religion). There was also “sacred” music (music for the church).Most of the instruments were made of wood Music was extremely important to the people who lived during the medieval era. Medieval Music was a major form of entertainment. Music and medieval instruments could be performed by medieval musicians, the Minstrels or Troubadours, or simple songs and ballads could be sung in the villages and fields to ease the monotonous tasks undertaken by serfs. The oldest medieval musical instrument was the human voice! The spread of Christianity in the early medieval period led to the popularity of hymns and secular songs. The earliest Church organ dates back to the 8th Century! The Musical instruments of the middle Ages were the forerunners to our modern musical instruments. The Harp - The harp was and instrument favored by troubadours, about 30 inches in length. The Flute - Musical instruments played by flute-minstrels The Drum - Drums were made initially from a hollow tree trunk, clay or metal and covered by skins of water animals - also called tambours. Troubadours - A troubadour was a travelling musician. The Troubadours travelled from one village to the next and many also travelled abroad. Minstrels - A minstrel was a servant first employed as a castle or court musician. The name minstrel means a little servant. Minstrels often created their own ballads but they were also famous for memorizing long poems based on myths and legends which were called chansons de geste. Bibliography Arts & Entertainment. What is a Figurative Art? Recuperado el 03 de octubre de 2013 de wrepresentart/what-is-figurative-art/ Dresses in Middle ages. Recuperado el 04 de octubre de 2013 de learner.org/interactives/middleages/clothing History Learning Site Co. (2000) Medieval Law and Order. Recuperado el 03 de octubre del 2013 de historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_law_and_order.htm History on the Net (2000) Medieval Life – Crime and Punishment. Recuperado el 04 de octubre de 2013 de historyonthenet/Medieval_Life/crimeandpunishment.htm Medieval Music Instruments. Free Sotfware. Recuperado el 05 de octubre de 2013 de .ancientfortresses.org/medieval-musical-instruments.htm Newman, Simón. Clothing. Recuperado el 04 de octubre de 2013 de thefinertimes/middle-ages
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