Ford Mustang (first generation)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Mustang first generation 1965 Ford Mustang Overview Manufacturer Ford Motor Company Production 1964–1973 Model years 1965–1973 Assembly Dearborn, Michigan San Jose, California Metuchen, New Jersey Valencia, Venezuela Mexico City, Mexico[1][2] Body and chassis Class Pony car Body style 2-door hardtop 2-door fastback/sportsroof 2-door convertible Layout FR layout Related Ford Falcon Mercury Cougar Chronology Successor Ford Mustang II Main article: Ford Mustang The first-generation Ford Mustang was manufactured by the Ford Motor Company from 1964 until 1973. The introduction of the Mustang created a new class of automobile known as the pony car. The Mustang’s styling, with its long hood and short deck, proved wildly popular and inspired a host of imitators. It was initially introduced as a hardtop and convertible with the fastback version put on sale the following year. At the time of its introduction, the Mustang, sharing its underpinnings with the Falcon, was slotted into a compact car segment. With each revision, the Mustang saw an increase in overall dimensions and in engine power. The 1971 model saw a drastic redesign to its predecessors. After an initial surge, sales were steadily declining and Ford began working on a new generation Mustang. With the onset of the 1973 oil crisis, Ford was prepared, having already designed the smaller Mustang II for the 1974 model year. This new car had no common components with preceding models. Contents [hide] 1 Conception and styling 2 1964–1966 2.1 Engines 3 1967–1968 3.1 Engines 4 1969–1970 4.1 Engines 5 1971–1973 5.1 1972 5.2 1973 5.3 Other variants 5.4 Engines 6 Production 6.1 Industry reaction 7 References 8 Further reading Conception and styling[edit]As Lee Iacoccas assistant general manager and chief engineer, Donald N. Frey was the head engineer for the Mustang project — supervising the development of the Mustang in a record 18 months[3][4] — while Iacocca himself championed the project as Ford Division general manager. The Ford Mustang I prototype was a two-seat, mid-mounted engine roadster, styled notably by lead designerss Philip T. Clark and John Najjar.[5][6] Lead stylist John Najjar, in a 1984 interview with David R. Crippen, archivist of the Henry Ford Museum, spoke about the genesis of the two-seat prototype: “ We had a studio under Bob Maguire and in it were; Jim Darden, Ray Smith, plus an artist, Phil Clark, several modelers, and me. We drew up a 2-seater sports car in competition with the other studios, and when they saw ours - saw the blackboard with a full-sized layout and sketches- they said, Thats it! Lets build it. So we made a clay model, designed the details, and then built a fiberglass prototype. This car was simply a concept study rather than the final configuration, but it included a lot of the sporty, rakish flair the later showcar embodied.[7] ” The Mustang I was later remodeled as a four-seat car styled under the direction of Project Design Chief Joe Oros and his team of L. David Ash, Gale Halderman, and John Foster[8][9] — in Fords Lincoln–Mercury Division design studios, which produced the winning design in an intramural design contest instigated by Iacocca. The design team had been given five goals[10] for the design of the Mustang: it would seat four, have bucket seats and a floor mounted shifter, weigh no more than 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) and be no more than 180 inches (4,572 mm) in length, sell for less than $2,500, and have multiple power, comfort, and luxury options. Having set the design standards for the Mustang,[11] Oros said: “ I told the team that I wanted the car to appeal to women, but I wanted men to desire it, too. I wanted a Ferrari-like front end, the motif centered on the front – something heavy-looking like a Maseratti [sic], but, please, not a trident – and I wanted air intakes on the side to cool the rear brakes. I said it should be as sporty as possible and look like it was related to European design.[11] ” Oros added: “ I then called a meeting with all the Ford studio designers. We talked about the sporty car for most of that afternoon, setting parameters for what it should look like -- and what it should not look like -- by making lists on a large pad, a technique I adapted from the management seminar. We taped the lists up all around the studio to keep ourselves on track. We also had photographs of all the previous sporty cars that had been done in the Corporate Advanced studio as a guide to themes or ideas that were tired or not acceptable to management. Within a week we had hammered out a new design. We cut templates and fitted them to the clay model that had been started. We cut right into it, adding or deleting clay to accommodate our new theme, so it wasnt like starting all over. But we knew Lincoln-Mercury would have two models. And Advanced would have five, some they had previously shown and modified, plus a couple extras. But we would only have one model because Ford studio had a production schedule for a good many facelifts and other projects. We couldnt afford the manpower, but we made up for lost time by working around the clock so our model would be ready for the management review.[8] ” L. David Ash is often credited with the actual styling of the Mustang. Ash, in a 1985 interview speaking of the origin of the Mustang design, when asked the degree of his contribution, said: “ I would say substantial. However, anyone that says they designed the car by themselves, is wrong. Iacocca didnt design it. He conceived it. Hes called the father of it, and, in that respect, he was. I did not design it in total, nor did Oros. It was designed by a design group. You look at the photograph taken at the award banquet for the Industrial Designers’ Society where the Mustang received the medal; it’s got Damon Woods in it (the group that did the interior), and Charlie Phaneuf (who was with Damon), and it’s got myself and John Foster (who was with me), it’s got (John) Najjar in it.[12] ” “ So nobody actually did the car, as such. Iacocca in his book flat out comes and says I did the car. Its right there in print, Its Dave Ashs Mustang. Bordinat will tell you I did the car. This book tells you I did the car, but, in actual fact, I had a lot of help, and I dont think anyone ever does a car by himself, not in these times anyway.[12] ” To decrease development costs, the Mustang used chassis, suspension, and drivetrain components derived from the Ford Falcon and Fairlane. It used a unitized platform-type frame from the 1964 Falcon, and welded box-section side rails, including welded crossmembers. Although hardtop Mustangs accounted for the highest sales, durability problems with the new frame led to the engineering of a convertible first, which ensured adequate stiffness. Overall length of the Mustang and Falcon was identical, although the Mustangs wheelbase was slightly shorter. With an overall width of 68.2 inches (1,730 mm), it was 2.4 inches (61 mm) narrower, yet the wheel track was nearly identical. Shipping weight, approximately 2,570 pounds (1,170 kg) with the straight six-cylinder engine, was also similar to the Falcon. A fully equipped V8 model weighed approximately 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg). Although most of the mechanical parts were from the Falcon, the Mustangs body was completely different; sporting a shorter wheelbase, wider track, lower seating position and lower overall height. An industry first, the torque box was an innovative structural system that greatly stiffened the Mustangs construction and helped contribute to better handling. 1964–1966[edit]Mustang 1964–1966 1966 Ford Mustang Overview Production March 1964–1966 Assembly Dearborn, Michigan San Jose, California Metuchen, New Jersey Valencia, Venezuela Mexico City, Mexico[1][2] Body and chassis Body style 2-door hardtop 2-door fastback 2-door convertible Platform Shelby Mustang Powertrain Engine 170 cu in (2.8 L) Thriftpower I6 200 cu in (3.3 L) Thriftpower I6 260 cu in (4.3 L) Windsor V8 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor V8 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor HiPo V8[13][14] Transmission 3-speed manual 4-speed manual 3-speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 108 inches (2,700 mm) Length 181.6 inches (4,610 mm) Width 68.2 inches (1,730 mm) Height 51.2 inches (1,300 mm)[15] Curb weight 2,445 pounds (1,109 kg) (base)[16] Since it was introduced five months before the normal start of the 1965 production year and manufactured alongside 1964 Ford Falcons and 1964 Mercury Comets, the earliest Mustangs are widely referred to as the 1964½ model.[17] A more accurate description is the early 1965 model because it underwent significant changes at the beginning of the regular model year. All the early cars, however, were marketed by Ford as 1965 models. The low-end model hardtop used a U-code 170 cu in (2.8 L) straight-6 engine[18] with a three-speed manual transmission and retailed for US$2,368. Standard equipment for the early 1965 Mustangs included black front seat belts, a glove box light, and a padded dash board.[19] Production began in March 1964 and official introduction following on April 17 at the 1964 Worlds Fair. Several changes to the Mustang occurred at the start of the normal 1965 model year production, five months after its introduction. These cars are known as late 65s, and were built after factory retooling in August 1964. The engine lineup was changed, with a 200 cu in (3.3 L) T-code engine that produced 120 hp (89 kW; 122 PS). Production of the F-code 260 cu in (4.3 L) engine ceased when the 1964 model year ended. It was replaced with a new 200 hp (150 kW) C-code 289 cu in (4.7 L) engine with a two-barrel carburetor as the base V8. An A-code 225 hp (168 kW; 228 PS) four-barrel carbureted version was next in line, followed by the unchanged Hi-Po K-code 271 hp (202 kW; 275 PS) 289. The DC electrical generator was replaced by a new AC alternator on all Fords (a way to distinguish a 1964 from a 1965 is to see if the alternator light on the dash says GEN or ALT). The Mustang GT version was introduced as the GT Equipment Package and included a V8 engine (most often the 225 hp (168 kW; 228 PS) 289), grille-mounted fog lamps, rocker panel stripes, and disc brakes. In the interior the GT option added a different instrument panel that included a speedometer, fuel gauge, temp. gauge, oil pressure gauge and ammeter in five round dials (the gauges were not marked with numbers, however.)[20] A four-barrel carbureted engine was now available with any body style. Additionally, reverse lights were an option added to the car in 1965. The Mustang was originally available as either a hardtop or convertible, but during the cars early design phases a fastback model was strongly considered. Also in 1965 Shelby Mustang was born, it was available only in newly introduced fastback body version with its swept-back rear glass and distinctive ventilation louvers.[21] The standard interior features of the 1965 Mustang included adjustable driver and passenger bucket seats, an AM radio, and a floor mounted shifter in a variety of color options. Ford added additional interior options during the 1965 model year. The Interior Decor Group was popularly known as Pony Interior due to the addition of embossed running ponies on the seat fronts, and also included integral armrests, woodgrain appliqué accents, and a round gauge cluster that would replace the standard Falcon instrumentation. Also available were sun visors, a (mechanical) remote-operated mirror, a floor console, and a bench seat. Ford later offered an under-dash air-conditioning unit, and discontinued the vinyl with cloth insert seat option, offered only in early 1965 models. One option designed strictly for fun was the Rally-Pac. Introduced in 1963 after Fords success at that years Monte Carlo Rally and available on other Ford and Mercury compacts and intermediates, the Rally-Pac was a combination clock and tachometer[22] mounted to the steering column. It was available as a factory ordered item for US$69.30. Installed by a dealer, the Rally-Pac cost US$75.95. Reproductions are presently available from any number of Mustang restoration parts sources.[21] A compass, rear seat belts, A/C, and back-up lights were also optional.[22] Nationwide survey of owners by Popular Mechanics included many complaints about leg room.[23] Fuel economy was good at 20 mpg at 60 mph.[23] The 1966 Mustang debuted with moderate trim changes including a new grille, side ornamentation, wheel covers and gas cap. A cruisematic three-speed auto transmission became available for the 225 hp V8. The 289 hipo K code engine was offered with an automatic c4 transmission, it had stronger internals and a hipo automatic transmission can be identified by the outer casing of the servo is marked with a C. The long duration solid-lifter camshaft that allowed the high revving 289 to make the horsepower it was known for, was not friendly for a non stall speed automatic torque converter. The HiPo could be spotted very easily by the 1-inch-thick (25 mm) vibration damper, (as compared to 1/2 inch on the 225-hp version) the absence of a vacuum advance unit on the dual point distributor. With the valve covers off, there is a large letter K stamped between the valve springs, that along with screw in studs (vs. a pressed in stud for other 289s) for the adjustable rocker arms. A large number of new paint and interior color options, an AM/eight-track sound system, and one of the first AM/FM mono automobile radios was also offered. It also removed the Falcon instrument cluster; the previously optional features, including the round gauges and padded sun visors, became standard equipment. The Mustang convertible would be the best-selling in 1966, with 72,119 sold, beating the number two Impala by almost 2:1.[24] The 1965 and 1966 Mustangs are differentiated by variations in the exterior, despite similar design. These variations include the emblem on the quarter-panels behind the doors. In 1965 the emblem was a single vertical piece of chrome, while in 1966 the emblem was smaller in height and had three horizontal bars extending from the design, resembling an E. The front intake grilles and ornaments were also different. The 1965 front grille used a honeycomb pattern, while the 1966 version was a slotted style. While both model years used the Horse and Corral emblem on the grille, the 1965 had four bars extending from each side of the corral, while on the 1966, these bars were removed. 1966 saw introduction of High Country Special limited edition, 333 of them were sold in Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska.[25] When Ford wanted to introduce the Mustang in Germany, they discovered that Krupp company had already registered the name for a truck.[26] The German company offered to sell the rights for US$10,000. Ford refused and removed Mustang badges from exported units, instead naming the cars as T-5 (a pre-production Mustang project name) for the German market until 1979 when Krupp copyrights expired.[26] Hardtop Fastback Convertible 1966 Ford T-5 emblem Front end styles Engines[edit]engine displacement, type, carburetor type max. motive power at rpm max. torque at rpm 170 cu in (2.8 L) Thriftpower I6 (1964) 1-barrel 105 bhp (78 kW; 106 PS) @ 4,400 156 lb·ft (212 N·m) @ 2,400 200 cu in (3.3 L) Thriftpower I6 (1965–1966) 1-barrel 120 bhp (89 kW; 122 PS) @ 4,400 190 lb·ft (258 N·m) @ 2,400 260 cu in (4.3 L) Windsor V8 (1964) 2-barrel 164 bhp (122 kW; 166 PS) @ 4,400 258 lb·ft (350 N·m) @ 2,200 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor V8 (1965–1966) 2-barrel 200 bhp (149 kW; 203 PS) @ 4,400 282 lb·ft (382 N·m) @ 2,400 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor V8 (1964) 4-barrel 210 bhp (157 kW; 213 PS) @ 4,400 300 lb·ft (407 N·m) @ 2,800 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor V8 (1965–1966) 4-barrel 225 bhp (168 kW; 228 PS) @ 4,800 305 lb·ft (414 N·m) @ 3,200 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor HiPo V8 (1964–1966) 4-barrel 271 bhp (202 kW; 275 PS) @ 6,000 312 lb·ft (423 N·m) @ 3,400 [27][28] 1967–1968[edit]Mustang 1967–1968 1968 Ford Mustang Overview Production 1967–1968 Assembly Dearborn, Michigan San Jose, California Metuchen, New Jersey Valencia, Venezuela Mexico City, Mexico[1][2] Body and chassis Body style 2-door hardtop 2-door fastback 2-door convertible Powertrain Engine 200 cu in (3.3 L) Thriftpower I6 260 cu in (4.3 L) Windsor V8 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor V8 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor HiPo V8 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE V8 427 cu in (7.0 L) FE HiPo* V8 428 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet V8[29] Transmission 3-speed manual 4-speed manual 3-speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 108 inches (2,700 mm) Length 183.6 inches (4,660 mm) Width 70.9 inches (1,800 mm) Height 51.6 inches (1,310 mm) Curb weight 2,758 pounds (1,251 kg) (base)[30] The 1967 model year Mustang was the first redesign of the original model. Fords designers began drawing up a larger versions even as the original was achieving sales success, and while Iacocca later complained about the Mustangs growth, he did oversee the 1967 redesign.[31] The major mechanical feature was to allow the installation of a big-block V8 engine. The overall size, interior and cargo space were increased. Exterior trim changes included concave taillights, side scoop (1967) and chrome (1968) side ornamentation, square rear-view mirrors, and usual yearly wheel and gas cap changes. The high-performance 289 option was placed behind the newer 320 hp (239 kW; 324 PS) 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE engine from the Ford Thunderbird, which was equipped with a four-barrel carburetor. A 390 GT engine, and a 4-speed manual transmission recorded quarter mile times of approximately 13 seconds and trap speeds of over 105 mph (169 km/h). During the mid-1968 model year, a drag racer for the street could be ordered with the optional 428 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet engine which was officially rated at 335 hp (250 kW; 340 PS) all of these Mustangs were issued R codes on their VIN#s.[32] The 1967 and 1968 models discontinued the Pony Interior in favor of a new deluxe interior package, which included special color options, brushed stainless steel (1967) or woodgrain (1968) trim, seat buttons, a tilt steering wheel, and special interior paneling. The 1968 models that were produced during 1968 were also the first year to incorporate 3 point lap and shoulder belts as opposed to the standard lap belts. The air-conditioning option was fully integrated into the dash, the speakers and stereo were upgraded, and unique center and overhead consoles were options. The fastback model offered the option of a rear fold-down seat, and the convertible was available with folding glass windows. Gone too was the Rally-Pac, since the new instrument cluster had provisions for an optional tachometer and clock. Its size and shape also precluded the installation of the accessory atop the steering column.[33] The convenience group with four warning lights for low fuel, seat belt reminder, parking brake not released, and door ajar were added to the instrument panel, or, if one ordered the optional console and A/C, the lights were mounted on the console.[34] Changes for the 1968 model increased safety with a two-spoke energy-absorbing steering wheel, along with newly introduced shoulder belts. Other changes included front and rear side markers, FORD lettering removed from hood, rearview mirror moved from frame to windshield, a 302 cu in (4.9 L) V8 engine was now available, and C-Stripe graphics were added.[35] The California Special Mustang, or GT/CS, was visually based on the Shelby model and was only sold in Western states. Its sister, the High Country Special, was sold in Denver, Colorado. While the GT/CS was only available as a coupe, the High Country Special model was available in fastback and convertible configurations during the 1966 and 1967 model years, and as a coupe for 1968.[32] The Mustang fastback gained popular culture status when used in the crime thriller Bullitt (1968). Lt. Frank Bullitt, played by actor Steve McQueen, drove a modified Highland Green 1968 Mustang GT fastback with 390 cu in (6.4 L) 4V engine, chasing two hitmen in a black 1968 Dodge Charger in the films car chase through the streets of San Francisco.[36] Hardtop 1968 Fastback with side marker visible Convertible 1967 Shelby 1968 Shelby Mustang GT/CS Front end styles Engines[edit]engine displacement, type, carburetor type max. motive power at rpm max. torque at rpm 200 cu in (3.3 L) Thriftpower I6 (1968) 1-barrel 115 bhp (86 kW; 117 PS) @ 4,400 190 lb·ft (258 N·m) @ 2,400 200 cu in (3.3 L) Thriftpower I6 (1967) 1-barrel 120 bhp (89 kW; 122 PS) @ 4,400 190 lb·ft (258 N·m) @ 2,400 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor V8 (1968) 2-barrel 195 bhp (145 kW; 198 PS) @ 4,600 288 lb·ft (390 N·m) @ 2,600 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor V8 (1967) 2-barrel 200 bhp (149 kW; 203 PS) @ 4,400 282 lb·ft (382 N·m) @ 2,400 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 (1968) 2-barrel 210 bhp (157 kW; 213 PS) @ 4,600 300 lb·ft (407 N·m) @ 2,600 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor V8 (1967) 4-barrel 225 bhp (168 kW; 228 PS) @ 4,800 305 lb·ft (414 N·m) @ 3,200 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 (1968) 4-barrel 230 bhp (172 kW; 233 PS) @ 4,800 310 lb·ft (420 N·m) @ 2,800 289 cu in (4.7 L) Windsor HiPo V8 (1967) 4-barrel 271 bhp (202 kW; 275 PS) @ 6,000 312 lb·ft (423 N·m) @ 3,400 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE V8 (1968) 2-barrel 270 bhp (201 kW; 274 PS) @ 4,400 401 lb·ft (544 N·m) @ 2,600 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE V8 (1967) 4-barrel 320 bhp (239 kW; 324 PS) @ 4,800 427 lb·ft (579 N·m) @ 3,200 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE V8 (1968) 4-barrel 325 bhp (242 kW; 330 PS) @ 4,800 427 lb·ft (579 N·m) @ 3,200 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE V8 (1969) 4-barrel 320 bhp (239 kW; 324 PS) @ 4,600 427 lb·ft (579 N·m) @ 3,200 428 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet V8 (1968) 4-barrel 335 bhp (250 kW; 340 PS) @ 5,200 440 lb·ft (597 N·m) @ 3,400 [27][28][37] 1969–1970[edit]Mustang 1969–1970 1969 Ford Mustang Overview Production 1969–1970 Assembly Dearborn, Michigan Milpitas, California Metuchen, New Jersey Valencia, Venezuela Mexico City, Mexico[1][2] Body and chassis Body style 2-door hardtop 2-door fastback 2-door convertible Powertrain Engine 200 cu in (3.3 L) Thriftpower I6 250 cu in (4.1 L) Thriftpower I6 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 302 cu in (4.9 L) Boss V8 351 cu in (5.8 L) Windsor V8 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland V8 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE V8 428 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet & Super Cobra Jet V8 429 cu in (7.0 L) Boss V8[38] Transmission 3-speed manual 4-speed manual 3-speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 108 inches (2,700 mm) Length 187.5 inches (4,760 mm) Width 71.7 inches (1,820 mm) Height 50.5 inches (1,280 mm) Curb weight 3,122 pounds (1,416 kg) (base)[39] The 1969 model year restyle added more heft to the body with body length extended by 3.8 inches (97 mm) (the wheelbase remaining at 108 inches), width increased by almost half an inch, and the Mustangs weight went up markedly too.[40] 1969 was the first model to use quad headlamps placed both inside and outside the grille opening. The corralled grille pony was replaced with the pony and tribars logo, set off-center to the drivers side.[41] The car was longer than previous models and sported convex rather than concave side panels. The fastback body version was renamed Sportsroof.[41] 1969 saw the introduction of the Mach 1, with a variety of powerplants options and many new styling and performance features. Distinctive reflective striping was placed along the body sides, with a pop-open gas cap, dual exhausts, matte-black hood with simulated air scoop and NASCAR-style cable and pin tiedowns.[42] It used steel wheels with bold-lettered Goodyear Polyglas tires. A functional shaker hood scoop - which visibly vibrated by being attached directly to the air cleaner through a hole in the hood - was available, as were tail-mounted wing and chin spoilers and rear window louvered blackout shade. The Mach 1 featured a deluxe interior with simulated wood trim, high backed seats, extra sound deadening, remote sports mirrors and other comforts. The Mach 1 proved popular with buyers with 72,458 cars sold in 1969.[43] The Boss 302 was created to meet Trans Am rules and featured distinctive hockey-stick stripes, while the understated Boss 429 was created to homologate the Boss 429 engine (based on the new Ford 385 series engine) for NASCAR use. The two Boss models received fame on the track and street and to this day they still demand premium pricing for their pedigree. 1628 Boss 302s and 859 Boss 429s were sold in 1969[43] - making these vehicles very rare. A new luxury model became available starting in 1969, available in only the hardtop body style. The Grande featured a soft ride, 55 pounds (24.9 kg) of extra sound deadening, as well as deluxe interior with simulated wood trim. It was popular with buyers with 22182 units sold in 1969.[43] Amidst other special editions, the 1969 Mustang E was offered for those desiring high mpg. The 1969 Limited Edition Mustang E was a rare (about 50 produced) fastback special model designed for economy. It came with a six-cylinder engine (250 cu in (4.1 L)), a high stall torque converter for the standard automatic transmission and a very low, 2.33:1 rear axle ratio. Mustang E lettering on the rear quarters identified the special Mustang E.[44] Air conditioning was not available on the E model.[42] The Mustang GT was discontinued in 1969 due to poor sales versus the success of the new Mach 1 with only 5396 GT models sold that year.[45] A new 250 cu in (4.1 L) Thriftpower I6 engine with 155 hp (116 kW; 157 PS) filled the gap between the existing 200 cu in (3.3 L) Thriftpower I6 and the V8 engine line-up. Although 1969 continued with many of the same basic V8 engines available in 1968, notably a now revised 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor engine with 220 hp (164 kW; 223 PS), the 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE with 320 hp (239 kW; 324 PS) and the recently launched 428 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet engine (with or without Ram-Air) with an advertised 335 hp (250 kW; 340 PS), a variety of revised options and changes were introduced to keep the Mustang fresh and competitive including a new performance V8 available in 250 hp (186 kW; 253 PS) or 290 hp (216 kW; 294 PS) tune known as the 351 cu in (5.8 L) Windsor (351W), which was effectively a stretched and revised 302 cu in (4.9 L) to achieve the extra stroke. The 428 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet engine continued unchanged in the 1969 and 1970 model years and continued to be advertised at just 335 hp (250 kW; 340 PS) despite being closer to 410 hp (306 kW; 416 PS). However, whenever a V or W axle was ordered (3.90 or 4.30 locking ratio) on any Cobra Jet Mustang, this kicked in various engine improvements which were designed to make the engine more reliable on the strip. These improvements included an engine oil cooler (which resulted in AC not remaining an option), stronger crankshaft and conrods and improved engine balancing and was named the Super Cobra Jet. On the order form, these improvements were later referred to as Drag Pack. Today, these models request a premium price despite offering no notable performance increase other than provided by their unique axle ratios. The 1969 Shelby Mustang was now under Fords control and made to look vasty different than regular production Mustangs, despite now being built inhouse by Ford.[46] The custom styling included a fiberglass front end with a combination loop bumper/grille that increased the cars overall length by 3 inches (76 mm), as well as five air intakes on the hood.[46] Two models were available, GT-350 (with a 351 cu in (5.8 L) Windsor (351W) producing 290 hp (216 kW; 294 PS)) and GT-500 (with the 428 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet engine), in both sportsroof or convertible versions. All 1969–1970 Shelby Mustangs were produced in 1969. Because of dwindling sales, the 789 remaining 1969 cars were given new serial numbers and titled as 1970 models.[46] They had modified front air dam and a blackout paint treatment around the hood scoops.[41][47] The 1970 model year Mustangs were restyled to be less aggressive and therefore returned to single headlamps which were moved to the inside of the grille opening with fins on the outside of the grille sides. Some felt the aggresive styling of the 1969 model hurt its sales and this view prompted the headlamp revisions and simplification of other exterior styling aspects. Its worth noting though that 1969 sales exceeded those in 1970.[43] The rear fender air scoops were removed and the taillight panel was now flat instead of concave as seen in 1969. The interior options remained mostly unchanged.[47] 1970 saw the previous 351W V8 engine options replaced with a new 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland (351C) V8 in either 2V (2-venturi carburetor) or 4V (4-venturi carburetor) versions. Though some early 1970 mustangs, built in 1969, had the 351W. The 351C 4V (M code) engine featured 11.0:1 compression and produced 300 bhp (224 kW; 304 PS) at 5400 rpm. This new performance engine incorporated elements learned from the Ford 385 series engine and the Boss 302, particularly the poly-angle combustion chambers with canted valves and the thin-wall casting technology. Ford made 96 Mustang Twister Special cars for Kansas Ford dealers in 1970. The Twister Specials were Grabber Orange Mach 1s with special decals. Ford also made a few Sidewinders, which were built in Dearborn, shipped to Omaha, and sold in Iowa and Nebraska. They were available in Grabber Green, Grabber Blue, Calypso Corral, and Yellow. The stripes came in the trunk to be installed by dealers.[47][48] Hardtop Sportsroof Convertible Shelby Front end styles Engines[edit]engine displacement, type, carburetor type max. motive power at rpm max. torque at rpm 200 cu in (3.3 L) Thriftpower I6 (1970) 1-barrel 120 bhp (89 kW; 122 PS) @ 4,400 190 lb·ft (258 N·m) @ 2,900 250 cu in (4.1 L) Thriftpower I6 (1969–1970) 1-barrel 155 bhp (116 kW; 157 PS) @ 4,000 240 lb·ft (325 N·m) @ 2,600 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 (1969–1970) 2-barrel 210 bhp (157 kW; 213 PS) @ 4,600 300 lb·ft (407 N·m) @ 2,600 351 cu in (5.8 L) Windsor V8 (1969) 2-barrel 250 bhp (186 kW; 253 PS) @ 4,600 355 lb·ft (481 N·m) @ 2,600 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland V8 (1970) 2-barrel 250 bhp (186 kW; 253 PS) @ 5,400 355 lb·ft (481 N·m) @ 3,400 351 cu in (5.8 L) Windsor V8 (1969) 4-barrel 290 bhp (216 kW; 294 PS) @ 4,800 385 lb·ft (522 N·m) @ 3,200 302 cu in (4.9 L) Boss V8 (1969–1970) 4-barrel 290 bhp (216 kW; 294 PS) @ 5,800 290 lb·ft (393 N·m) @ 2,600 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE V8 (1969) 4-barrel 320 bhp (239 kW; 324 PS) @ 4,600 427 lb·ft (579 N·m) @ 3,200 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland V8 (1970) 4-barrel 300 bhp (224 kW; 304 PS) @ 5,400 385 lb·ft (522 N·m) @ 3,400 428 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet & Super Cobra Jet V8 (1969–1970) 4-barrel 335 bhp (250 kW; 340 PS) @ 5,200 440 lb·ft (597 N·m) @ 3,400 429 cu in (7.0 L) Boss V8 (1969–1970) 4-barrel 375 bhp (280 kW; 380 PS) @ 5,200 450 lb·ft (610 N·m) @ 3,400 [27][28][49] 1971–1973[edit]Mustang 1971–1973 1972 Ford Mustang Overview Production 1970–1973 Assembly Dearborn, Michigan San Jose, California Metuchen, New Jersey Valencia, Venezuela Mexico City, Mexico[1][2] Body and chassis Body style 2-door hardtop 2-door sportsroof 2-door convertible Powertrain Engine 250 cu in (4.1 L) Thriftpower I6 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland V8 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland V8 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cobra Jet V8 429 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet V8 351 cu in (5.8 L) Boss V8 351 cu in (5.8 L) HO V8 429 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet & Super Cobra Jet V8[50] Transmission 3-speed manual 4-speed manual 3-speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 109 inches (2,800 mm) Length 189.5 inches (4,810 mm) Width 74.1 inches (1,880 mm) Height 50.1 inches (1,270 mm) Curb weight 3,560 pounds (1,610 kg)[51] The 1971 Mustang - introduced in September 1970 - were designed under the supervision of Fords new product design manager, Semon Bunkie Knudsen, originally of General Motors. Again, the revised model grew in size, gaining 3 inches in width in order to accommodate Fords big block 429 cu in (7.0 L) V8 without need for an extensive suspension redesign.[52] As before there were three body styles: Hardtop, Sportsroof, and Convertible. Hardtop models were also available with luxury Grande trim, which added Grande badges on the C-pillars and a vinyl roof. An additional edition of the hardtop, the Spring Special, was available between March and May 1971,[53] which added Mach 1 styling cues to the hardtop.[54][55] Sportsroof models were available in base configurations in addition to the Mach 1 and Boss 351 sport/performance options. The Mach 1s were available with two-tone paint schemes, optional hockey-stick stripes, NACA (NASA) hood scoops (functional on examples ordered with Ram Air), color keyed side mirrors, and additional sports/performance options. All Mach 1 models came stock with urethane front bumpers and an alternate grille equipped with amber sportlights. Though the Mach 1 is often associated with the NACA hood (a no-cost option) and other styling cues, base Mach 1s could be had with the standard hood and the 302 2V engine. Boss 351 examples were similar in appearance to the Mach 1, and included complete black-out hoods, in addition to front and rear spoilers. Convertibles were equipped with a power top and a glass rear window. These were the last Mustangs available as a convertible until 1982.[56][57][58] 1972[edit] 1972 Sprint edition (Sportsroof)Due to tightening emissions regulations, the Boss 351 edition and optional 429 big block were dropped after 1971,[59] leaving the 351 cu in (5.8 L) variants as the largest available engines for 1972 (and 1973). There were no significant changes in appearance for the 1972 model year, though a commemorative Olympic Sprint Edition (also available on the Pinto and Maverick) was released between March and June of this year.[60] Sprint editions were available in Hardtop and Sportsroof variants, and featured white paint schemes with light blue accents and USA shield decals on the rear quarter panels. An additional 50 Sprint convertibles were produced exclusively for the 1972 National Cherry Blossom Parade in Washington D.C.[61][62] 1973[edit]1973 brought some mild restyling. The urethane front bumper became standard, and was enlarged in accordance with new NHTSA standards. All Mustang models had their sportlamps re-purposed as turn signals, as the new bumper covered part of the front valance (and therefore the previous turn signal location). These new lamps - unlike their 1971/72 counterparts - were now oriented vertically. Both a Mach 1 and base grille were offered, with differing insert patterns. Mach 1 decals were also revised in 1973, and the previous hockey stick side stripes of 1971–1972 became an option on hardtops and convertibles with the addition of the Exterior Decor Group. Magnum 500 wheels, previously optional, were superseded by forged aluminum 5-hole wheels.[56][63][64][65] The 1973 model year Mustang was the final version of the original pony car,[66] as consumers switched to the smaller Pintos and Mavericks. Other variants[edit]No Shelby version of the 1971–1973 Mustangs were produced, with the exception of a small number of Shelby de Mexico GT-351 cars manufactured under license in Mexico, and 14 Shelby Europa vehicles modified and decaled by a private importer, also under license.[67][68][69] Hardtop Sportsroof Convertible Aluminum wheel introduced in 1973 Front end styles Engines[edit]Automakers in the U.S. switched from gross to net power and torque ratings in 1972 (coinciding with the introduction of low-compression engines); thus, it is difficult to compare power and torque ratings between 1971 and 1972.[63][70] engine displacement, type, carburetor type max. motive power at rpm max. torque at rpm 250 cu in (4.1 L) Thriftpower I6 (1972) 1-barrel 95 bhp (71 kW; 96 PS) @ 3,400 197 lb·ft (267 N·m) @ 1,600 250 cu in (4.1 L) Thriftpower I6 (1973) 1-barrel 98 bhp (73 kW; 99 PS) @ 3,400 197 lb·ft (267 N·m) @ 1,600 250 cu in (4.1 L) Thriftpower I6 (1971) 1-barrel 145 bhp (108 kW; 147 PS) @ 4,000 232 lb·ft (315 N·m) @ 2,600 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 (1972) 2-barrel 136 bhp (101 kW; 138 PS) @ 4,000 239 lb·ft (324 N·m) @ 2,000 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 (1973) 2-barrel 140 bhp (104 kW; 142 PS) @ 4,000 239 lb·ft (324 N·m) @ 2,000 302 cu in (4.9 L) Windsor V8 (1971) 2-barrel 210 bhp (157 kW; 213 PS) @ 4,600 296 lb·ft (401 N·m) @ 2,600 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland V8 (1972) 2-barrel 168 bhp (125 kW; 170 PS) @ 4,000 384 lb·ft (521 N·m) @ 2,000 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland V8 (1973) 2-barrel 177 bhp (132 kW; 179 PS) @ 4,000 284 lb·ft (385 N·m) @ 2,000 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland V8 (1971) 2-barrel 240 bhp (179 kW; 243 PS) @ 4,600 350 lb·ft (475 N·m) @ 2,600 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cobra Jet V8 (1972) 4-barrel 266 bhp (198 kW; 270 PS) @ 5,400 301 lb·ft (408 N·m) @ 3,600 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cobra Jet V8 (1973) 4-barrel 246 bhp (183 kW; 249 PS) @ 5,400 301 lb·ft (408 N·m) @ 3,600 351 cu in (5.8 L) HO V8 (1973) 4-barrel 266 bhp (198 kW; 270 PS) @ 5,400 286 lb·ft (388 N·m) @ 3,800 351 cu in (5.8 L) HO V8 (1972) 4-barrel 277 bhp (207 kW; 281 PS) @ 5,400 286 lb·ft (388 N·m) @ 3,800 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cobra Jet V8 (1971) 4-barrel 280 bhp (209 kW; 284 PS) @ 5,400 380 lb·ft (515 N·m) @ 3,400 351 cu in (5.8 L) Cleveland V8 (1971) 4-barrel 285 bhp (213 kW; 289 PS) @ 5,400 370 lb·ft (502 N·m) @ 3,400 351 cu in (5.8 L) Boss V8 (1971) 4-barrel 330 bhp (246 kW; 335 PS) @ 5,400 370 lb·ft (502 N·m) @ 4,000 429 cu in (7.0 L) Cobra Jet V8 (1971) 4-barrel 370 bhp (276 kW; 375 PS) @ 5,400 450 lb·ft (610 N·m) @ 3,400 429 cu in (7.0 L) Super Cobra Jet V8 (1971) 4-barrel 375 bhp (280 kW; 380 PS) @ 5,600 450 lb·ft (610 N·m) @ 3,400 [27][28] Production[edit]In 1964 Mustang production started with 22,000 orders taken on the first day. In the first two years of production, three Ford Motor Company plants in Milpitas, California; Dearborn, Michigan; and Metuchen, New Jersey produced almost 1.5 million Mustangs.[71] Industry reaction[edit]Mustang success left General Motors unprepared. Chrysler introduced the Plymouth Barracuda a few weeks before the Mustang, and although it was later redesigned as a distinct pony car, it was initially a modified Plymouth Valiant.[72] However, the fish car did not enjoy as strong a market demand as Fords pony.[73] General Motors executives thought the rear-engined Chevrolet Corvair Monza would compete against the Mustang, but it also sold poorly by comparison.[74] The Monza performed well, but lacked a V8 engine and its reputation was tarnished by Ralph Nader in his book Unsafe At Any Speed.[75] It took GM until the 1967 model year to counter with the Chevrolet Camaro and Pontiac Firebird. Lincoln-Mercury joined the competition in 1967 with the Mercury Cougar, an upmarket Mustang and subsequent Motor Trend Car of the Year.[76] In 1968, American Motors (AMC) introduced the Javelin, an image changing four-place pony car.[77] This real standout model[78] was quickly followed with a Walter Mitty Ferrari, the two-seater high-performance AMX.[79] In 1970, the Dodge Challenger, a version of the Plymouth Barracuda platform, was last to join the pony car race.[80] This genre of small, sporty automobiles is often referred to as the pony car because of the Ford Mustang that established this market segment.[81] References[edit]1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e 1968 Ford Mustang (Venezuela) (in Spanish). Dkarros. Retrieved July 15, 2010. 2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e 1972 Ford Mustang (Venezuela) (in Spanish). Dkarros. Retrieved July 15, 2010. 3.Jump up ^ Donald N. Frey, lauteate 1990 National Medal of Technology. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 4.Jump up ^ The Thinker (Detroit Style). Time. April 21, 1967. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 5.Jump up ^ Bakken, Douglas A. (1981 and 1984). Automotive Design Oral History Project: Remembering John Najjar. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 6.Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (February 7, 2007). John Najjar: Designer of the Ford Mustang I Concept Car. auto.howstuffworks. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 7.Jump up ^ Crippen, David R. Automotive Design Oral History Project: The Reminiscences of John Najjar. Automobile in American Life and Society. Retrieved 28 April 2012. 8.^ Jump up to: a b 1964 Mustang Designed by David Ash. Midcomustang. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 9.Jump up ^ Rohrlich, Marianne (May 11, 2006). Belatedly, Stardom Finds a 20th-Century Master. The New York Times. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 10.Jump up ^ 2010 Ford Mustang: Design, Dissected. The Auto Insider, via Jalopnik,. November 18, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 11.^ Jump up to: a b Fans celebrate Mustangs 40th. Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on August 16, 2005. 12.^ Jump up to: a b DRC (January 25, 1985). Automotive Design Oral History Project - The Reminiscences of L. David Ash. Automobile in American Life and Society. Retrieved 28 April 2012. 13.Jump up ^ 1965 Mustang: The Essential Guide To Muscle Cars. Musclecarfacts.net. Retrieved November 24, 2010. [dead link] 14.Jump up ^ 1964 Ford Mustang Brochure. Oldcarbrochures. pp. 6–7. Retrieved April 26, 2012. 15.Jump up ^ 1965 Ford Mustang Fastback car tech specs, auto data - 2 door 4.7 liter (4727 cc) V8 228.1 PS, 4 speed manual. Carfolio. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 16.Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (February 20, 2007). 1965, 1966 Ford Mustang Specifications. Auto.howstuffworks. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 17.Jump up ^ The Great Mustang Debate: 1964˝ or 1965. Theautochannel. April 16, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2010. 18.Jump up ^ Bowling, Brad; Heasley, Jerry (2003). Mustang Buyers Guide, 1964-1978. MotorBooks International. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7603-1547-7. Retrieved March 1, 2012. 19.Jump up ^ 1964 Ford Mustang Brochure. Oldcarbrochures. pp. 4–5. Retrieved April 26, 2012. 20.Jump up ^ 1965 Ford Mustang Brochure. Oldcarbrochures. pp. 14–15. Retrieved April 26, 2012. 21.^ Jump up to: a b Ford Mustang History - 1965. Shnack. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 22.^ Jump up to: a b 1965 Ford Mustang Brochure. Oldcarbrochures. pp. 12–13. Retrieved April 26, 2012. 23.^ Jump up to: a b Ford Mustangs - how owners rate them. Popular Mechanics: 81–85, 201. September 1964. Retrieved April 28, 2012. 24.Jump up ^ Flory, Jr., J. Kelly (2004). American Cars, 1960–1972: Every Model, Year by Year. McFarland. p. 412. ISBN 978-0-7864-1273-0. 25.Jump up ^ Ford Mustang History - 1966. Shnack. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 26.^ Jump up to: a b Hanson, Gary J. History of the Ford T5. Fordt5. Retrieved December 10, 2012. 27.^ Jump up to: a b c d All years Mustang engine data. Mustangattitude. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 28.^ Jump up to: a b c d Ford Mustang 1gen models. Automobile-catalog. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 29.Jump up ^ 1967: The Essential Guide To Muscle Cars. Musclecarfacts.net. Retrieved November 24, 2010. [dead link] 30.Jump up ^ 1968 Ford Mustang Hardtop car tech specs, auto data - 2 door 3.3 liter (3275 cc) Inline 6 116.6 PS, 3 speed manual. Carfolio. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 31.Jump up ^ Mueller, Mike (2000). Mustang 1964-1/2-1973. MBI Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7603-0734-2. Retrieved April 28, 2012. 32.^ Jump up to: a b Ford Mustang History - 1967. Shnack. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 33.Jump up ^ 1967 Mustang. 1967 Mustang. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 34.Jump up ^ 1968 Ford Mustang Brochure. Oldcarbrochures. pp. 12–13. Retrieved April 26, 2012. 35.Jump up ^ 1968 Ford Mustang Model Year Profile. About Guide. Retrieved March 4, 2012. 36.Jump up ^ 1968 Bullitt Mustang. Midcomustang. December 14, 1977. Retrieved November 24, 2010. [dead link] 37.Jump up ^ Ford 390 V8 Engine Specs. Enginefacts.net. Retrieved February 5, 2012. 38.Jump up ^ 1969 Mustang: The Essential Guide To Muscle Cars. Musclecarfacts.net. Retrieved November 24, 2010. [dead link] 39.Jump up ^ 1969 Ford Mustang car tech specs, auto data - 2 door 3.3 liter (3273 cc) Inline 6 121.7 PS, 3 speed manual. Carfolio. April 3, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 40.Jump up ^ Mueller, Mike (2000). Mustang 1964-1/2-1973. Motorbooks. p. 59. ISBN 9780760307342. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 41.^ Jump up to: a b c Ford Mustang History - 1969. Shnack. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 42.^ Jump up to: a b Background of 1969 Mustangs. Mustangspecs. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 43.^ Jump up to: a b c d 1969 Mustang Production Numbers. Carmemories. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 44.Jump up ^ 1969 Ford Mustang Special Models. Mustangattitude. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 45.Jump up ^ Welcome to the 1969 Mustang GT Registry Page. Homecast.net. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 46.^ Jump up to: a b c Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (February 7, 2007). 1969 and 1970 Shelby Mustang. Auto.howstuffworks. Retrieved May 15, 2012. 47.^ Jump up to: a b c Ford Mustang History - 1970. Shnack. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 48.Jump up ^ Fritts, Terry L. Twister Special Registry. twisterspecialregistry. Retrieved April 28, 2012. 49.Jump up ^ Mustang Decoding Information. Vintage-mustang. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 50.Jump up ^ 1971 Mustang: The Essential Guide To Muscle Cars. Musclecarfacts.net. Retrieved November 24, 2010. [dead link] 51.Jump up ^ 1971 Ford Mustang Boss 351 car tech specs, auto data - 2 door 5.8 liter (5766 cc) V8 334.6 PS, 4 speed manual. Carfolio. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 52.Jump up ^ Heasley, Jerry (2012). Jerry Heasleys Rare Finds: Mustangs & Fords. CarTech. p. 69. ISBN 1613250347. Retrieved February 10, 2013. 53.Jump up ^ Limited Edition 600 - Mustang Specials. Limited600mustang.net. November 7, 1969. Retrieved June 7, 2013. 54.Jump up ^ 1971 Spring Special Mustang info? - Ford Mustang Forums. Allfordmustangs. Retrieved June 7, 2013. 55.Jump up ^ Bright Red 1971 Ford Mustang Special Spring Value Edition Hardtop - MustangAttitude Photo Detail. Mustangattitude. March 20, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2013. 56.^ Jump up to: a b Ford Mustang History - 1973. Shnack. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 57.Jump up ^ Farr, Donald (September 2008). 1973 Mustang Grande Hardtop - Mustang Monthly Magazine. Mustangmonthly. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 58.Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (February 11, 2007). The 1971 Ford Mustang. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved February 28, 2012. 59.Jump up ^ Mueller, Mike (2000). Mustang 1964-1/2-1973. Motorbooks. p. 61. ISBN 9780760307342. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 60.Jump up ^ 1972 Mustang Olympic Sprint Registry. 1972mustangsprint. Retrieved June 7, 2013. 61.Jump up ^ 1972 Mustang Sprint Parade Convertibles. Lovingcreek. March 3, 1972. Retrieved June 7, 2013. 62.Jump up ^ 1972 Mustang Sprint Production & Specification. Lovingcreek. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 63.^ Jump up to: a b Ford Mustang History - 1971. Shnack. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 64.Jump up ^ 1973 Ford Mustang (brochure). Mustangattitude. p. 13. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 65.Jump up ^ 1973 Mustang Body Styles. Mustangattitude. Retrieved September 9, 2012. 66.Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (February 11, 2007). The 1972 Ford Mustang. howstuffworks. Retrieved April 28, 2012. 67.Jump up ^ Shelby de Mexico. Sarin.lunarpages. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 68.Jump up ^ South of the Border Mustang Registtry. Hammar.dyndns.org. Retrieved November 20, 2011. [dead link] 69.Jump up ^ 1971/1972 Shelby Europa. Ponysite.de. Retrieved May 15, 2012. 70.Jump up ^ Ford Mustang History - 1972. Shnack. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 71.Jump up ^ Mustang Facts 1964 to 1973. Muscularmustangs. April 17, 1964. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 72.Jump up ^ Mueller, Mike (1993). Chrysler Muscle Cars. Artisan Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-87938-817-1. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 73.Jump up ^ Gunnell, John (2005). American Cars of the 1960s. Krause Publications. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-89689-131-9. 74.Jump up ^ Gunnell, John; Heasley, Jerry (2006). The Story of Camaro. Krause Publications. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-89689-432-7. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 75.Jump up ^ Scott, Jason; Newhardt, David (2003). Camaro Z-28 and Performance Specials. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7603-0966-7. Retrieved January 27, 2010. 76.Jump up ^ Banham, Russ (2002). Ford Motor Company and the innovations that shaped the world. Artisan Publishers. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-57965-201-2. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 77.Jump up ^ Gunnell, John (2005). American Cars of the 1960s. Krause Publications. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-89689-131-9. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 78.Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (November 26, 2007). 1968-1969 AMC Javelin. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved July 23, 2013. 79.Jump up ^ Cheetham, Craig (2006). Ultimate American Cars. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. pp. 16–19. ISBN 978-0-7603-2570-4. Retrieved November 24, 2010. 80.Jump up ^ Dodge brings out a hot new sportster: Challenger. Popular Science 185 (4): 108–109. October 1969. Retrieved November 24, 2011. 81.Jump up ^ Grist, Peter (2009). Dodge Challenger Plymouth Barracuda: Chryslers Potent Pony Cars. Veloce Publishing. p. 6. ISBN
Posted on: Sat, 09 Nov 2013 02:03:44 +0000
Trending Topics
Recently Viewed Topics
© 2015