Formation of the Feminine from masculine nouns in i and i. From masc. nouns ending in i and i (ei the fe- minine is formed by nitans of the affixes ni, ni or am; final i is shortened to i\ and serves thus as union- vowel: as: «^> if korini. ^,^3^ korine, ,-ilosi5^ korvani. the wife (^female) of a ^s}f kori, weaver. vS^H^*^ sethini . ^, ^a;^^ sethine. sethvaiii the vife ( female) of a -§iU-w sethe. a Hindu wholesale merchant. Xote. The coonate dialects form the feminine from masc. nouns in the same ^\av as the Sindhi. bv chanoina either the 102 SECTION I. THE FORMATION OF THEMES. masc. termination to the feminine, or by adding one of the above-mentioned fern, affixes. The Hindi and Hindustani approach the Sindhi very closely in this respect; they form the feminine either by sub- stituting the feminine termination i, as: i^V larki, girl, from l^jJ larka, boy, ^ii^il^ brahmani, the wife (or female) of a Brahman, from j^^JsLj brahman; or by adding one of the af- fixes an, in, ani, to the masc. base, as: ,j>Um/ sunaran (or sunarin), the wife of a sLk^ sunar, goldsmith; ^v^-^ serm, a lioness, from vA^ ser, a lion; ^^^\yX^ mehtarani, the wife (daughter) of a mehtar, or sweeper. The same law holds good in Gujarati; either the feminine termination I is substituted for the masculine, as: ^fTtj ^ ^^ male dog, from ^rT^ ^ male dog, or the feminine affixes ^^ TJr or ^I^in ^^® added to the masc. base, as: ^^IH a tigress, from Gn^ tiger; ^Z^CtT? ^ female camel, from ^^ a male camel; lf|iy^|ijj| mistress, from IHlft ^o^^* The formation of the feminine is quite analogous in the Panjabi; for the masc. termination is either changed to the fe- minine, as: ghori, a mare, from ghora, a stallion, or the fe- minine affixes an, ni, ani are added to the masc. base, as: uskajan, a slanderous woman, from uska]T, a slanderous man; utni, a female camel, from ut, a male camel; mu gal ani, the wife (or daughter) of a mugal. The MarathT forms the feminine from nouns in a (quies- cent) or a by substituting the fern, termination I, as: l^T^T girl, from ^TT^T boy; HT^fX? ^ slave-girl, from (^^ a slave; in nouns ending in a, the Sansk. fern, termination a is occa- sionally to be met with, as: ^^T or ^tTT^T ^^^ ^^^^ of ^ ^^* Besides these two fem. terminations the affix in or In is to be found in nouns ending in a (quiescent) or I, as: ^T^H^ •> tigress, from «rT^? tiger, XflXfyTTT a sinful woman, from XIXmT ^ sinner; \I^?fX^ mistress, from \Irff master. SECTION I. THE FORMATION OF THEMES. 103 The Bang all stands nearest to the Sanskrit with regard to the formation of the feminine; it substitutes the fem. ter- minations a or I for those of the mascuhne, as: tanya, daughter, from tanya, son; puttrl, daughter, from puttra, son. Ad- jectives or nouns of agency, ending in ka (a^ being quiescent) form their feminine always in ka, as: karika, doing, from karak, m., gayaka, a female singer, from gayak, a male singer. Nouns in i (= in) form their feminine by the affix ni, as: hattini, a female elephant, from hatti, a male elephant; likewise patni, mistress, from pati, master. Also the use of the affix ani or ani is strictly in accordance with Sanskrit practice, as: acaryaiiT, the wife of an acarya. We find thus, that all the north-Indian vernaculars of San- skrit origin fully agree in the formation of the feminine. 104 SECTION 11. THE INFLEXION OF NOUNS. SECTION II. THE INFLEXION OF NOUNS. Chapter VHI. I. Formation of the Plural. §• 15. The crude form of a Sindhi noun is always iden- tical with its JSTominative Singular, the Nominative Singular having no longer a case-sign in any of the modern Arian tongues. The Sindhi possesses no definite or indefinite article, as little as the Sanskrit or the Prakrit; if the one or the other is to be expressed for distinctness sake, a demonstrative or indefinite pronoun (or the numeral one) is placed before a noun. There is no longer a Dual in Sindhi, neither in Pali nor Prakrit, nor in any of the modern Sanskritical tongues; we have therefore only to describe the formation of the Plural (JSomina- tive), according to the respective terminations of nouns. 1) InTouhs ending in u. Nouns ending in ii are, as we have stated already, for the greatest part masculine, a few of them only being feminine. According to their respective gender the Plural is formed, as follows: a) Plural of masculine nouns ending in u: These nouns form their Plural by changing u into a, as: .i^«^ khtihu, a well, Plur. .iy^f khuha, wells; [z varu, husband, Plur. T: vara. If final \i be preceded by short V, a euphonic v is inserted in the Plural, as: .r ra-u, weed, Plur. iC rava, weeds. But if final V be SECTION IL THE INFLEXION OF NOUNS. 105 jDreceded by any other vowel, but short a, the insertion of V is optional, as: ^L^ ghau, a wound, Plur. Xj^ ghava or: ^Lg/ ghaa, wounds; ^jS deu, a god, Plur. Iji deva or: LS clea, gods; but when a long vowel, preceding final u, is nasalized, the insertion of v be- comes necessary, as: ^Lgo than, a dish, Plur. l^L^ thava, dishes. The following two nouns form their ISfom. Plural in an irregular way: iL^j bhau, brother, Plur. ZjL^ bhaura or: y^2 bhauru^ brothers. ^j piu, father, Plur. iL piura, fathers. Both these Plurals point back to the Prakrit forms ^T^n (Nom. Sing. ^T^) and fxi^^J (j^om. Sing. flf^^), and are therefore, properly speaking, not ir- regular (c£ Yarar. V, 35). Annotation. We have already noticed (§. 5, I.), that the Sindhl termination u is shortened from the Prakrit ^| ; in Pra- krit nouns ending in o form their Plural in a, which has been shortened in Sindhi to a. The cognate idioms agree with the Sindhi in this respect. In Hindi and Hindustani, this class of nouns, having already dropped the terminating short vowel in the Singular, throw the same off in the Plural likewise, i. e. they remain unaltered in the Plural. The same is the case in Marathi and PanjabI; the Gujarati alone adds the Plural termination o. &) Plural of feminine nouns ending in ii. These nouns form their Plural by changing final u into u, as: ..^*^ vathu, a thing; Plur. ^^4->5 vathu, things; ^ viju, lightening; Plur. ^y^% ^y^? lightenings. The following nouns have, besides their regular Plural , also an irregular one , as : 106 SECTION II. THE INFLEXION OF NOUNS. 0MV4J bhenu, sister (or: (^^.a^j bhena); Plur. ^Jj^ bhenu or: vi-^^j bhenaru, ^^^-aa^j blienaru, sisters. iU mau, mother; Plur. ^^Uo mau, or: wjU mairu, ^j^^SLo mairu, mothers. ^t> dhiu (or: Jj&t> dhia), daughter; Plur. ^y^i^ dhiu, or: >.^i3>j dhiaru, ,j^5.%t> dhiaru, daughters. ..^j nuhu (or: ^j nuha), daughter-in-law; Plur. ^^^ nuhu or: ^^3 nuharu, \j^y^ nuharu, daughters- in-law. In the levelling process of decomposition these fern, nouns have adopted the same affix ara (or for euphonys sake: ira), as the irregular Plurals of masc, nouns, and as feminines they have lengthened the same also to aru. Annotation, In Pali fern, nouns ending in u remain either unchanged in the Plural, as: yagu, sacrifice, Plur. yagu, or o (the Sansk. Plural affix ^H ) is added to them (with inserted euphonic y) as: yaguyo; the latter is also the case in Prakrit, as: bahu, wife, Plur. bahuo, or the affix 6 may be again shor- tened to u% as: bahtiu. In Sindhi this Plural affix u has been contracted with final u (u) into u, and at the same time nasa- lized = u. 2) Nouns ending in o (o). These form their Plural by changing final o into a, as: jji>t>l^ vadho, a carpenter, Plur. Liol^; jjj.j tobo, a diver, Plur. Ljjj toba, divers. If final o be nasalized, which is frequently the case, the nasal is also preserved in the Plural, as: ^y^y^ cotho, the fourth, Plur. ^L^j.^. cotha. If final o be preceded by short a (or nasalized: a), a euphonic v is inserted between them in the Plural, as : y^S tao, a pan; Plur. 1^3 tava, pans; ,jj^Aj nao, new; Plur. jjllli nava; but if final 5 be preceded by any other SECTION 11. THE INFLEXION OF NOUNS. 107 vowel, the insertion of v is optional, as: jlT kuo, mouse, Plur. Cf kua or: ly kuva; j.X^ meo, fisherman, Plur. Llkjo mea or: \^^ meva; pL^ gha-o, a fish-net, Plur. L.3L4-f gha-a or: \^l^f ghava. We have repeatedly adverted to the fact, that the Prakrit termination o has in Sindhi either been shor- tened to u, or retained unaltered; the formation of the Plural of the latter description of nouns is quite in ac- cordance with Prakrit usage (Sing, o, Plur. a). Annotation. In the cognate idioms the masc. termination a has been substituted instead of o. In Hindi, Hindustani, Marathi and PanjabT masc. nouns ending in a commonly change the same in the Plural to e, a Plural termination, which is already in use in the inferior old Prakrit dialects (see: Lassen, Instit. Ling. Prak. p. 430). The Gujarat! differs in this respect, as masc. nouns ending in o add to the Plural termination a the affix o, as: chokaro, a boy, Plur. chokara-o; a similar formation of the Plural is already ascribed to the MagadhI dialect of the Prakrit; cf. Lassen^ p. 399. 3) Nouns ending in u, u. Nouns ending in u or, as it is more common, in u, be they masc. or feminine, remain unchanged in the Plural, as: ^y%=->^ vichu, m., scorpion, Plur. ^^-^^ vichu; yf gau, fern., cow, Plur. yS gau, cows. In Pali, masc. themes ending in u, lengthen the same in the Nom. Plural to u, as bhikkhu, a beggar, Plur. bhikkhu; and such masc. themes, as end in u in the Nom. Sing., remain unchanged in the Plural, as: abhibhti, a chief, Plur. abhibhu (contracted from abhi- bhuvo). In Prakrit masc. themes ending in u lengthen their final vowel always in the Nominative Sing., to which in the Nom. Plural the affix o (— ^^) is added, as: vau, wind, Nom. Sing, vau, Nom. Plur. vau5, winds. This Plural affix o may in Prak. be again shortened to u, and in the modern dialects it is dropped altogether. In Sindhi u is usuallv nasalized = u. 108 SECTION 11. THE INFLEXION OF NOUNS. Annotation. In Hindi, Hindustani, Marathi and PanjabI masc. nouns ending in u, remain unaltered in the Plural; but fern, nouns add in Hindustani the Plural termination a, as joru, a wife, plural jorua, the Prakrit Plural affix o being changed to a, I. The Gujarat! keeps close to the Prakrit in forming the Plural of masc. nouns ending in u, by adding the Plural affix o, as: hindu, a Hindu, Plur. hinduo. 4) Nouns ending in a (a). These are, as noticed already (§. 13, 3) for the most part feminine; they form their Plural hy adding the Plural affix u, as: L^ haca, f., murder; Plur. ^jGl^ haca-u, murders. The Plural of these nouns corresponds to the Prak. Plural termination a-o or a-u, o (or shortened u) being added to final a of the Singular (see Lassen p. 307). In Sindhi the Prak. Plur. increment o has been changed to ti, and at the same time nasalized. Few nouns ending in a are masculine; they remain unaltered in the Plural, as: l^l!!^ lala, master, Plur. ^3 lala, masters. The Prakrit Plural increment 5 (a-o) has first been shortened to u, and then been dropped altogether in Sindhi. Annotation. In Hindi and Hindustani fem. nouns ending in a (1) form their Plural by adding the increment S, as bala, misfortune, Plur. balal. This e corresponds to the Prakrit affix o , which in the inferior Prakrit dialects is frequently changed to e (cf. Lassen, p. 398, 408). Those masc. nouns, the final a of which does not correspond to the Sindhi o, remain likewise unaltered in the Plural. — In Panjabi fem. nouns ending in a add either 1 or ii, the Plural increment i being a change from the Hindi e, and ia from the Prakrit affix o, with euphonic 4 or y. A few masc. nouns remain likewise unaltered in the Plural, as atma, soul; pita, father etc. — The Gujarat! entirely agrees with the Prakrit, adding simply o to the fem. nouns in a, as: ma, mother, Plur. ma-o. — In Marathi fem. nouns ending in a do not un- dergo any change in the Plural, as: mata, mother, Plur. mata; SECTION n. THE INFLEXION OF NOUNS. 109 some masc. nouns, falling under this head, remain likewise un- altered in the Plural. 5) JNouns ending in a. These nouns being all feminine, form their Plural by changing final a either to u (as in Lar); or to a (as in Siro); Ij tara, nostril, Plur. ^^Ji taru or: ^!li* tara, nostrils. These nouns have been, as noted already, shortened from Sanskrit-Prakrit bases ending in a; they either drop final a before the Plural increment a {--^ Prak. o), or restore the original a and drop the Plural increment o ■= u, nasahsing at the same time the final long vowel. Annotation. This class of nouns is wantig in the cognate idioms, where final a has become silent; e. g. Hindustani: jibh, £, tongue, Plural: jibh-e, the Plural being made up by the increment e = Prak. o. — Panjabi: bah, f., arm (Sindhi: ..^o baha), Plur. bahl; Marathi: jibh, f. Plur. similarly: jibha. The Gujarat! is consequent in adding simply the Plural increment 6 to fem. bases, ending in a quiescent consonant, as: sanjh, f., evening, Plur. sanjho. 6) Kouns ending in i (i). a) Masculine nouns ending in i remain unaltered in the Plural: Jy^j bell, a servant, Plur. J^ bell, servants; ^Jvj pri, friend, Plur. ^^j pri, friends. In Prakrit masc. nouns ending in i form their Plural by adding the increment 5, which has been shortened to u and then cast off altogether in Sindhi. h) Feminine nouns ending in i add in the Plural the increment u, shortening before this affix the pre- ceding long i, which may also, for euphonys sake, be changed to y; as: ^^^ goli, a slave-girl, Plur. ^y^^ goliu, goliyu, golyu; ^-oL^J nihai (or: nihai), a potters kiln, Plur. ^j^^^Lgj i^iliayu. 110 SECTION n. THE INFLEXION OF NOUNS. Feminine nouns in i add in Prakrit likewise the affix 0, which may be shortened to u; in this case final u has in Sindhi been lengthened to u and nasalized at the same time, to distinguish the Plural of the feminine nouns from that of the masculine. If final 1 be preceded by any letter of the palatal class or by h, it is commonly dropped before the Plural affix u, as: ^^skjo manji, a stool, Plur. ^y^^ manju, stools; ^^^j f., manjhi, a buffalo, Plur. ^y^sx^ manjhu, buffaloes. * Annotation, In Hindi and Hindustani fern, nouns follow the method of the Prakrit in forming their Plural, with the only difference, that the Prak. Plural increment o is changed to a, and this again nasalized, as churl, knife, Plur. churm. Masc. nouns in i do not differ from their Singular. The Panjabi quite accords with the Hindi, fem. nouns in T adding the Plural ter- mination a, as dhi, daughter, Plur. dhia, the masc. nouns in i remaining unaltered in the Plural. The same may be remarked of the Marathi. The Gujarati stands nearest to the Prakrit in this respect, all nouns, be they masc. or feminine, adding simply the Plural affix o. 7) J^onns ending in i (e)* a) Fem. nouns ending in T (e) form their Plural by adding the Plural affix u, as: ^i^jIC rate, night, Plur. ^y^(s rateu, nights. — If i be preceded by a palatal or h, it disappears before the Plural termination u, as: ^Avu) mehe, buffalo, Plur. ^^^1a>o mehu, buffaloes. £:j^ joe, wife, forms its Plural either regularly, as: jj^j.^^ joyu, or irregularly, as: ljj.:a. joii*^? r?>^ johiru, or ^^y\y=^ joiru, wives. &) Masc. nouns ending in T (e) remain unchanged in the Plural, as: -^ic-w/ sethe, a wholesale merchant, Plur. j^X^^ sethe. SECTION 11. THE INFLEXION OF NOUNS. Ill Annotation. In Hindi and Hindustani, as stated already, final T has been dropped, and such nouns, as end in Sindhi in a or 4, use there one common Plural increment, viz.: e. In Gujarat! and Panjabi final 4 has likewise disappeared in most cases, and o and i. are respectively added as Plural terminations. In Mar at hi fem. bases ending in i remain either unchanged in the Plural or have final 4 lengthened to i. The lengthening of final i in the Plural is more in accordance with Pali and Prakrit usage (e. g. Pali: ratti, night, Plur. ratti or rattiyo; Prak. ratti-o or: ratti-u). Masc. bases ending in 4 remain similarly either unaltered in the Plural, or (according to some Pandits) lengthen the same to i (as in Pali and Prakrit). Ak English Language Clinic Badah
Posted on: Tue, 02 Sep 2014 07:38:32 +0000
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