How does work a Blast Furnace? A blast furnace is a special type of furnace. They are used to make iron from ore. Blast furnaces are very large. They can be up to 60 metres (200 ft) tall and 15 metres (49 ft) in diameter. The blast furnace is the biggest chemical reactor. Blast furnaces are also called high ovens. A blast furnace is usually built with a steel case and bricks made of magnesia inside the case. Magnesia is very resistant to heat. It does not melt. The furnace is cooled with water running inside part of the case and bricks. The process of making iron is simple. Iron ore is basically iron oxide. Iron is made by removing the oxygen. This leaves crude iron called pig iron. This process of removing oxygen is called "reduction". Carbon is used in the reduction process. Carbon can easily take the oxygen off the ore in very hot temperatures. Ore, limestone and carbon in the form of coke are put into the top of the blast furnace in layers. At the same time, hot air called "wind" is blown inside the furnace. Special nozzles called "tuyeres" are used to put the air in the furnace. The nozzles are at the bottom of the furnace. This process is called "blasting". It is why it is called a "blast furnace". The coke ignites (= lights into fire) and burns. This creates carbon monoxide because there is not enough oxygen to make carbon dioxide. The carbon monoxide then reduces the metal oxide to the metal and makes carbon dioxide. This process is used to make iron. The limestone forms a substance called slag with the rock of the iron ore. The bottonmost part of the furnace is called the hearth. When it has filled with liquid pig iron and slag, the slag is removed. This is called skimming. Slag is lighter than iron and does not mix with iron. It floats on top of the iron. A hole is made in the hearth at the level of the slag with a special drill. The liquid slag move out through the hole into a container called slag pot. The iron is then taken from the hearth. This is called tapping. A hole is made at the bottom and the liquid pig iron removed. It is either used directly for steelmaking, put into a special railway wagon called torpedo car or made into molds. When all the pig iron has been removed, fire-resistant clay is used to close the two holes. The clay becomes solid very quickly because of the high heat. The pig iron contains some 4% of carbon and it would be too hard and too brittle to use. The extra carbon must first be burned away. The pig iron is refined into steel by decarburizing (= burning the extra carbon off) it. A modern method for decarburizing the pig iron and refining it into steel is basic oxygen furnace. Historically there has been other methods as well, such as Bessemer converter, open hearth furnace and puddling furnace. The gases rise up and are collected on the top of the furnace. As the gas contains a lot of carbon monoxide, it is a valuable fuel. The gas collected on the top of the blast furnace is called blast furnace gas. It is then washed and dried and all solid particles such as soot or ore dust are collected. The gas is then burned in special ovens called Cowper stoves or hot blast stoves into carbon dioxide. The heat from burning the blast furnace gas is then used to pre-heat the blasting air, "wind", which in turn is blasted into the blast furnace itself. The slag is not waste. It can be used in various ways. It can be made into bricks and used for construction, or it can be mixed with concrete. Concrete which contains blast furnace slag is stronger than ordinary concrete and is almost pure white, where normal concrete is dirty grey. A blast furnace can usually work for 10 to 20 years without stopping. This is called "campaign".
Posted on: Fri, 13 Sep 2013 08:54:49 +0000