Kumari Kandam According to Silappadhikaram, one of the Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature written in 2nd century CE, states that the cruel sea took the Pandiyans land, part of which was present between the rivers Pahruli and the mountainous banks of the Kumari. These rivers are said to have flowed in a now-submerged land.[2] Adiyarkkunallar, a 12th-century CE commentator on the epic, explains this reference by saying that there was once a land to the south of the present-day Kanyakumari, which stretched for 700 kāvatam from the Pahruli river in the north to the Kumari river in the south.[3] This land was divided into 49 nadu(countries), or territories, which he names as seven coconut territories (elutenga natu), seven Madurai territories (elumaturai natu), seven old sandy territories (elumunpalai natu), seven new sandy territories (elupinpalai natu), seven mountain territories (elukunra natu), seven eastern coastal territories (elukunakarai natu) and seven dwarf-palm territories (elukurumpanai natu). All these lands, he says, together with the many-mountained land that began with KumariKollam, with forests and habitations, were submerged by the sea.[2] Two of these Nadus or territories were supposedly parts of present-day Kollam and Kanyakumari districts. In Tamil literary works Aintiram, Silappadhikaram, Manimekhalai and SaivamPaayanam and in Sanskrit literary work Bhagavatha Purana, there are information about Tamil sage Mayan,[4][5][6][7][8][9] who wrote one of the Tamil Sangam literary works Aintiram, and was part of Tamil Sangams and lived in Kumari Kandam.[4][10] This sage also wrote other Tamil literature Pranava Vedham(which is called by Vyasa as the predecessor of four Vedas in Bhagavatha Purana[8]), MayaMatham(Book about Architecture, Sculptures and Vasthu) and SuriyaNool(Book about Astronomy and Astrology), one Tamil grammatical work, etc. According to his work Aintiram, Kumari Kandam was a land which has huge area and the PalThuli river(PalThuli - Divided grammatical form of Pahruli according to Tamil grammar which means many drops), one of the Kumari Kandam rivers, originated from PeruMalai(means big mountain - represents MeruMalai - Meru Mountain). It also tells that there were 49 lands((7 divisions) x (7 lands per division)) which were called as 49 countries((7 divisions) x (7 countries per division)) in Kumari Kandam.[11] Tamil literary work SaivamPaayanam gives information about Kumari Kandam and its territories. It also mentions the existence of PeruMalai(MeruMalai - Meru Mountain) in Kumari Kandam.[12] The Tamil literary work Manimekhalai, mentions about multiple Tsunamis in the ancient city of Poompuhar and was swallowed up by the sea. This event is supported by archeological finds of submerged ruins off the coast of modern Poompuhar.[13][14] The Tamil poetic literature Tamil vidu thoothu describes the Topography of Kumari Kandam. It is also said that the Pahruli river was excavated to irrigate the mountain valley by the Pandiyan King Nediyon.[15][16] The Sangam literary work Kaliththokai talks about the sunken country which was ruled by Pandiyan Kings.[17] The Tamil Grammar work Nannool talks about the sunken country Kumari Kandam.[18] The Tamil literature SiruKakkaip Paadiniyaar talks about the Kumari Kandam.[19] There are references for Kumari Kandam present in Kantapuranam, which mentions it as one of the nine continents of old times,[20] or one of the nine divisions of India and the only region not to be inhabited by barbarians.[21] According to the Matsya Purana, Manu was the king of Dravidadesa(Tamil country) in Kumari Kandam. There are references for Kumari Kandam present in Karuda Puranam. Also, There are scattered references in Sangam literature, such as Kalittokai 104, to how the sea took the land of the Pandiyan Kings, after which they conquered new lands to replace those they had lost.[22] The book The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories by Sumathi Ramaswamy states that: Adiyarkkunallar, a 12th-century CE commentator on the epic Silappadhikaram, explains this reference by saying that there was once a land to the south of the present-day Kanyakumari, which stretched for 700 kāvatam from the Pahruli river in the north to the Kumari river in the south. The hypothesis of Kumari Kandam is considered to be pseudoscience since it is not compatible with main stream geological theory.[3] The 19th and 20th century Tamil revivalist movements, however, came to apply the name to the territories described in Adiyarkkunallars commentary to the Silappadhikaram.[23] They also associated this territory with the references in the Tamil Sangams, and said that the cities of southern Madurai(ThenMadurai) and Kapatapuram where the first two Sangams were said to be held were located on Kumari Kandam.[24] These sangams may have overlapped in parallel to the third historic sangam; the second century BCE Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription detailing the thiraLi muRi (written agreement of the assembly) was excavated a few miles from the coast of the historic Tenavaram temple, Matara, Sri Lanka. Modern revival and Association of Kumari Kandam with Lemuria[edit] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Tamil nationalists came to identify Kumari Kandam with Lemuria, a lost continent posited in the 19th century to account for discontinuities in biogeography. In these accounts, Kumari Kandam became the cradle of civilization, the origin of human languages in general and the Tamil language in particular.[25] These ideas gained notability in Tamil academic literature over the first decades of the 20th century, and were popularized by the Tanittamil Iyakkam, notably by autodidactic Dravidologist Devaneya Pavanar, who held that all languages on earth were merely corrupted Tamil dialects. Most of these modern interpretations are considered pseudoscience, or pseudoarchaeology, since they lack the standards and/or criteria. R. Mathivanan, then Chief Editor of the Tamil Etymological Dictionary Project of the Government of Tamil Nadu, in 1991 claimed to have deciphered, the still undeciphered,[26] Indus script as Tamil, following the methodology recommended by his teacher Devaneya Pavanar, presenting the following timeline (cited after Mahadevan 2002): ca. 200,000 to 50,000 BC: evolution of the Tamilian or Homo Dravida, ca. 200,000 to 100,000 BC: beginnings of the Tamil language 50,000 BC: Kumari Kandam civilisation 20,000 BC: A lost Tamil culture of the Easter Island which had an advanced civilisation 16,000 BC: Lemuria submerged 6087 BC: Second Tamil Sangam established by a Pandya king 3031 BC: A Chera prince in his wanderings in the Solomon Islands saw wild sugarcane and started cultivation in Present Tamil nadu. 1780 BC: The Third Tamil Sangam established by a Pandya king 7th century BC: Tolkappiyam (the earliest known extant Tamil grammar) This timeline is demonstrably false according to our scientifically substantiated understanding of Continental drift which also does not allow for the disappearance of a continental mass between what is now Africa, India and Australia.[27][28][29][30][31] There were three major phases in the break-up of Pangaea. The first phase began in the Early-Middle Jurassic (about 175 Ma), when Pangaea began to rift from the Tethys Ocean in the east to the Pacific in the west, ultimately giving rise to the supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana. The rifting that took place between North America and Africa produced multiple failed rifts. One rift resulted in a new ocean, the North Atlantic Ocean.[32] Popular culture[edit] Continental Drift Kumari Kandam appeared in the The Secret Saturdays episodes The King of Kumari Kandam and The Atlas Pin. This version is a city on the back of a giant sea serpent with its inhabitants all fish people.[33] References[edit] Jump up ^ Lemuria and Kumari Kandam. The Hindu. ^ Jump up to: a b Ramaswamy 2000, p. 584 ^ Jump up to: a b Ramaswamy, Sumathi (2005), The lost land of Lemuria: fabulous geographies, catastrophic histories, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-24440-5, retrieved 28 September 2010 ^ Jump up to: a b Aintiram Jump up ^ Silappadhikaram, Song Numbers : 2-12, 5-105 Jump up ^ Manimekhalai, Song Numbers : 3-79, 6-201, 21-132 Jump up ^ SaivamPaayanam Song Numbers : 318,386,899,978,1084,1166,1177 ^ Jump up to: a b Bhagavatha Purana, Song Number : 9.14.48 ஏக ஏவ புற வேதாஹ் பிரணவ சர்வ வன்-மயஹ :::: Bhagavatha Purana, Song Number : 9.14.48 Jump up ^ International Society For The Investigation Of Ancient Civilizations, Editor N. Mahalingam Jump up ^ PandaiThadaiyam(பண்டைத்தடயம்), SirpaSiddhan Mayan Varalaaru(சிற்பச்சித்தன் மயன் வரலாறு), Manikkavaasagar Press, Nadana Kaasinaathan, Maa.ChandiraMoorthi, Dec 2005. Jump up ^ Aintiram - Song Number : 812 Jump up ^ SaivamPaayanam - Song Number : 864 Jump up ^ Gaur A. S. and Sundaresh, Underwater Exploration off Poompuhar and possible causes of its Submergence, 1998, Puratattva, 28: 84-90. Available online at [1] Jump up ^ Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar region on Tamil Nadu coast, Rao, S.R.. Journal of Marine Archaeology, Vol. II, July 1991, pp. 5–20. Available online at [2] Jump up ^ Indian and Foreign Review, Volume 17, Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1979 Jump up ^ Tamil vidu thoothu, Madurai Sokkanaathar Jump up ^ Kaliththokai, Song Number:104 Jump up ^ Nannool, Song Number:0 Jump up ^ SiruKakkaip Paadiniyaar Jump up ^ Madras Tamil lexicon, குமரிகண்டம் Jump up ^ Ramaswamy 2000, p. 582 Jump up ^ Ramaswamy 2004, p. 143 Jump up ^ Ramaswamy & 1999 p97 Jump up ^ The Lemuria Myth. Frontline (India). 9 April 2011. Jump up ^ S.C.Jayakaran (2004). Lost land and the myth of Kumari kandam. Indian Folklore Research Journal. Retrieved 24 January 2012. Jump up ^ (Possehl, 1996) Jump up ^ Lovett, Richard A. (September 5, 2008). Supercontinent Pangaea Pushed, Not Sucked, Into Place. National Geographic News. Jump up ^ Barbara W. Murck, Brian J. Skinner, Geology Today: Understanding Our Planet, Study Guide, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-32323-5 Jump up ^ Philip Kearey, Keith A. Klepeis, Frederick J. Vine (2009). Global Tectonics (3rd. ed), p.66–67. Chichester:Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-0777-8 Jump up ^ Zeeya Merali, Brian J. Skinner, Visualizing Earth Science, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-41847-5 Jump up ^ Nature 421, pp245–249 (16 January 2003) nature/nature/journal/v421/n6920/abs/nature01290.html Jump up ^ Zeeya Merali, Brian J. Skinner, Visualizing Earth Science, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-41847-5 Jump up ^ Google Books - The King of Kumari Kandam FOR MORE DETAILS en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumari_Kandam
Posted on: Thu, 03 Jul 2014 10:33:02 +0000
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