Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation Physics Fluid mechanics Pressure Pascal’s Principle and hydrostatic pressure Manometers Negative pressure Flow through a venturi tube DC electricity Electrical power Electrical resistance and Ohm’s Law Series versus parallel circuits Kirchhoff’s Laws Electrical sources and loads Circuit fault analysis Bridge circuits Component measurement Sensor signal conditioning Capacitors Inductors AC electricity RMS quantities Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance Series and parallel circuits Example: LR low-pass filter circuit Example: RC high-pass filter circuit Example: LC “tank” circuit single-phase rectification Delta and Wye configurations Grounded three-phase circuits Introduction to industrial instrumentation Example: boiler water level control system Example: wastewater disinfection Example: chemical reactor temperature control Other types of instruments Indicators Recorders Process switches and alarms Instrumentation documents Process Flow Diagrams Process and Instrument Diagrams Loop diagrams Functional diagrams Instrument and process equipment symbols Line types Process/Instrument line connections Instrument bubbles Process valve types Valve actuator types Valve failure mode Liquid level measurement devices Flow measurement devices (flowing left-to-righ Process equipment Functional diagram symbols Single-line electrical diagram symbols Fluid power diagram symbols Instrument identification tags Discrete process measurement “Normal” status of a switch Hand switches Limit switches Proximity switches Pressure switches Level switches Float-type level switches Tuning fork level switches Paddle-wheel level switches Ultrasonic level switches Capacitive level switches Conductive level switches Temperature switches TEMPERATURE SWITCHES Flow switches Discrete control elements On/off valves Fluid power systems Solenoid valves 2-way solenoid valves 3-way solenoid valves 4-way solenoid valves Normal energization states On/off electric motor control circuits Motor contactors Motor protection Motor control circuit wiring Relay control systems Control relays Relay circuits Programmable Logic Controllers Analog electronic instrumentation 4 to 20 mA analog current signals Relating 4 to 20 mA signals to instrument variables Example calculation: controller output to valve Example calculation: flow transmitter Example calculation: temperature transmitter Example calculation: pH transmitter Example calculation: reverse-acting I/P transducer signal Example calculation: PLC analog input scaling Graphical interpretation of signal ranges Thinking in terms of per unit quantities Controller output current loops 4-wire (“self-powered”) transmitter current loops 2-wire (“loop-powered”) transmitter current loops Troubleshooting current loops Using a standard milliammeter to measure loop current Using a clamp-on milliammeter to measure loop current Using “test” diodes to measure loop current Using shunt resistors to measure loop current Troubleshooting current loops with voltage measurements Using loop calibrators NAMUR signal levels Pneumatic instrumentation Pneumatic sensing elements Self-balancing pneumatic instrument principles Pilot valves and pneumatic amplifying relays Analogy to opamp circuits Analysis of practical pneumatic instruments Foxboro model 13A differential pressure transmitter Foxboro model E69 “I/P” electro-pneumatic transducer Fisher model 546 “I/P” electro-pneumatic transducer Fisher-Rosemount model 846 “I/P” electro-pneumatic transducer Proper care and feeding of pneumatic instruments Advantages and disadvantages of pneumatic instruments Digital data acquisition and networks Digital representation of numerical data Integer number formats Fixed-point number formats Floating-point number formats Example of industrial number formats Digital representation of text EBCDIC and ASCII Unicode Analog-digital conversion Converter resolution Converter sampling rate Analog signal conditioning and referencing Instrumentation amplifiers Analog input references and connections Digital data communication theory Serial communication principles Physical encoding of bits Communication speed Data frames Channel arbitration Master-slave Token-passing The OSI Reference Mode EIA/TIA-232, 422, and 485 networks EIA/TIA-232 EIA/TIA-422 and EIA/TIA-485 Ethernet networks Repeaters (hubs) Ethernet cabling Switching hubs Internet Protocol (IP) IP addresses Subnetworks and subnet masks Routing tables IP version 6 DNS Command-line diagnostic utilities Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) The HART digital/analog hybrid standard Basic concept of HART Modbus FOUNDATION Fieldbus instrumentation Wireless instrumentation Instrument calibration Continuous pressure measurement Continuous level measurement Continuous temperature measurement Continuous fluid flow measurement Continuous analytical measurement Machine vibration measurement Control valves Variable-speed motor controls Closed-loop control Process dynamics and PID controller tuning Basic process control strategies Problem-solving and diagnostic strategies
Posted on: Tue, 25 Mar 2014 00:07:42 +0000
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