Mathematician From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mathematician Euclid.jpg Euclid Occupation Occupation type Academic Description Competencies Mathematics, analytical skills, writing and critical thinking skills Education required Doctoral degree, occasionally masters degree Related jobs statistician, actuary A mathematician is a person with an extensive knowledge of mathematics who uses this knowledge in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematics is concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models and change. Contents 1 History 1.1 Notable mathematicians 2 Required education 3 Activities 3.1 Applied mathematics 3.2 Abstract mathematics 3.3 Mathematics teaching 3.4 Consulting 4 Occupations 5 Quotations about mathematicians 6 Women in mathematics 7 Prizes in mathematics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History This section is on the history of mathematicians. For a history of mathematics in general, see History of mathematics In 1938 in the United States, mathematicians were desired as teachers, calculating machine operators, mechanical engineers, accounting auditor bookkeepers, and actuary statisticians One of the earliest known mathematicians was Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed.[1] He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales Theorem. The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was All is number.[2] It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term mathematics, and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypatia of Alexandria (AD 350 - 415). She succeeded her father as Librarian at the Great Library and wrote many works on applied mathematics. Because of a political dispute, the Christian community in Alexandria punished her, presuming she was involved, by stripping her naked and scraping off her skin with clamshells (some say roofing tiles).[3] Science and mathematics in the Islamic world during the Middle Ages followed various models and modes of funding varied based primarily on scholars. It was extensive patronage and strong intellectual policies implemented by specific rulers that allowed scientific knowledge to develop in many areas. Funding for translation of scientific texts in other languages was ongoing throughout the reign of certain caliphs,[4] and it turned out that certain scholars became experts in the works they translated and in turn received further support for continuing to develop certain sciences. As these sciences received wider attention from the elite, more scholars were invited and funded to study particular sciences. An example of a translator and mathematician who benefited from this type of support was al-Khawarizmi. A notable feature of many scholars working under Muslim rule in medieval times is that they were often polymaths. Examples include the work on Optics, Math and Astronomy of Ibn al-Haytham. The Renaissance brought an increased emphasis on mathematics and science to Europe. Many well known mathematicians from this area had other occupations: Luca Pacioli was a monk; Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia was an engineer and bookkeeper; and Gerolamo Cardano was a well-known physician. As time passed, many mathematicians gravitated towards universities. An emphasis on free thinking and experimentation had notably already begun in Britains oldest universities beginning in the seventeenth century at Oxford with the fathers of British scientific methodology Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle, and at Cambridge where Isaac Newton was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics & Physics. Moving into the 19th century, the objective of universities all across Europe evolved from teaching the “regurgitation of knowledge” to “encourag[ing] productive thinking.”[5] In 1810, Humboldt convinced the King of Prussia to build a university in Berlin based on Friedrich Schleiermacher’s liberal ideas; the goal was to demonstrate the process of the discovery of knowledge and to teach students to “take account of fundamental laws of science in all their thinking.” Thus, seminars and laboratories started to evolve. [6] British universities of this period adopted some approaches familiar to the German universities, but as they already enjoyed substantial freedoms and autonomy the changes there had begun with the Age of Enlightenment, the same influences that inspired Humboldt. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge emphasized the importance of research, arguably more authentically implementing Humboldt’s idea of a university than even German universities, which were subject to state authority.[7] Overall, science (including mathematics) became the focus of universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Students could conduct research in seminars or laboratories and began to produce doctoral theses with more scientific content.[8] According to Humboldt, the mission of the University of Berlin was to pursue scientific knowledge.[9] The German university system fostered professional, bureaucratically regulated scientific research performed in well-equipped laboratories, instead of the kind of research done by private and individual scholars in Great Britain and France.[10] In fact, Rüegg asserts that the German system is responsible for the development of the modern research university because it focused on the idea of “freedom of scientific research, teaching and study.”[11] Notable mathematicians Some notable mathematicians include Johann Bernoulli, Jacob Bernoulli, Aryabhata, Bhāskara II, Nilakantha Somayaji, Andrey Kolmogorov, Alexander Grothendieck, John von Neumann, Alan Turing, Kurt Gödel, Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Georg Cantor, William Rowan Hamilton, Carl Jacobi, Nikolai Lobachevsky, Joseph Fourier, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Alonzo Church, and Nikolay Bogolyubov. Euclid, fl. 300 BC Archimedes, c. 287 – 212 BC Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, c. 780 – 850 Omar Khayyám, 1048 – 1131 René Descartes, 1596 – 1650 Pierre de Fermat, 1601 – 1665 Isaac Newton, 1642 – 1727 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, 1646 – 1716 Leonhard Euler, 1707 – 1783 Joseph-Louis Lagrange, 1736 – 1813 Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777 – 1855 Niels Henrik Abel, 1802 – 1829 Évariste Galois, 1811 – 1832 Bernhard Riemann, 1826 – 1866 Felix Klein, 1849 – 1925 Henri Poincaré, 1854 – 1912 David Hilbert, 1862 – 1943 Emmy Noether, 1882 – 1935 Hermann Weyl, 1885 – 1955 Srinivasa Ramanujan, 1887 – 1920 Required education Mathematicians usually cover a breadth of topics within mathematics in their undergraduate education, and then proceed to specialize in topics of their own choice at the graduate-level. In some universities, a qualifying exam serves to test both the breadth and depth of a students understanding of mathematics; the students, who pass, are permitted to work on a doctoral dissertation. Activities Applied mathematics Main article: Applied mathematics Mathematicians involved with solving problems with applications in real life are called applied mathematicians. Applied mathematicians are mathematical scientists who, with their specialized knowledge and professional methodology, approach many of the imposing problems presented in related scientific fields. With professional focus on a wide variety of problems, theoretical systems, and localized constructs, applied mathematicians work regularly in the study and formulation of mathematical models. Mathematicians and applied mathematicians are considered to be two of the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) careers.[12] The discipline of applied mathematics concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry; thus, applied mathematics is a mathematical science with specialized knowledge. The term applied mathematics also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on problems, often concrete but sometimes abstract. As professionals focused on problem solving, applied mathematicians look into the formulation, study, and use of mathematical models in science, engineering, business, and other areas of mathematical practice. Abstract mathematics Main article: Pure mathematics Pure mathematics is mathematics that studies entirely abstract concepts. From the eighteenth century onwards, this was a recognized category of mathematical activity, sometimes characterized as speculative mathematics,[13] and at variance with the trend towards meeting the needs of navigation, astronomy, physics, economics, engineering, and so on. Another insightful view put forth is that pure mathematics is not necessarily applied mathematics: it is possible to study abstract entities with respect to their intrinsic nature, and not be concerned with how they manifest in the real world.[14] Even though the pure and applied viewpoints are distinct philosophical positions, in practice there is much overlap in the activity of pure and applied mathematicians. To develop accurate models for describing the real world, many applied mathematicians draw on tools and techniques that are often considered to be pure mathematics. On the other hand, many pure mathematicians draw on natural and social phenomena as inspiration for their abstract research. Mathematics teaching Many professional mathematicians also engage in the teaching of mathematics. Duties may include: teaching university mathematics courses; supervising undergraduate and graduate research; and serving on academic committees. Consulting Many careers in mathematics outside of universities involve consulting. For instance, actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis. As another example, mathematical finance will derive and extend the mathematical or numerical models without necessarily establishing a link to financial theory, taking observed market prices as input. Mathematical consistency is required, not compatibility with economic theory. Thus, for example, while a financial economist might study the structural reasons why a company may have a certain share price, a financial mathematician may take the share price as a given, and attempt to use stochastic calculus to obtain the corresponding value of derivatives of the stock (see: Valuation of options; Financial modeling). Occupations According to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles occupations in mathematics include the following.[15] Mathematician Operations-Research Analyst Mathematical Statistician Mathematical Technician Actuary Applied Statistician Weight Analyst Quotations about mathematicians Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mathematician The following are quotations about mathematicians, or by mathematicians. A mathematician is a device for turning coffee into theorems. —Attributed to both Alfréd Rényi[16] and Paul Erdős Die Mathematiker sind eine Art Franzosen; redet man mit ihnen, so übersetzen sie es in ihre Sprache, und dann ist es alsobald ganz etwas anderes. (Mathematicians are [like] a sort of Frenchmen; if you talk to them, they translate it into their own language, and then it is immediately something quite different.) —Johann Wolfgang von Goethe[17] Each generation has its few great mathematicians...and [the others] research harms no one. —Alfred W. Adler (1930- ), Mathematics and Creativity[18] In short, I never yet encountered the mere mathematician who could be trusted out of equal roots, or one who did not clandestinely hold it as a point of his faith that x squared + px was absolutely and unconditionally equal to q. Say to one of these gentlemen, by way of experiment, if you please, that you believe occasions may occur where x squared + px is not altogether equal to q, and, having made him understand what you mean, get out of his reach as speedily as convenient, for, beyond doubt, he will endeavor to knock you down. —Edgar Allan Poe, The purloined letter A mathematician, like a painter or poet, is a maker of patterns. If his patterns are more permanent than theirs, it is because they are made with ideas. —G. H. Hardy, A Mathematicians Apology Some of you may have met mathematicians and wondered how they got that way. —Tom Lehrer It is impossible to be a mathematician without being a poet in soul. —Sofia Kovalevskaya There are two ways to do great mathematics. The first is to be smarter than everybody else. The second way is to be stupider than everybody else—but persistent. —Raoul Bott Mathematics is the queen of the sciences and arithmetic the queen of mathematics. —Carl Friedrich Gauss[19] Women in mathematics See also: List of female mathematicians While the majority of mathematicians are male, there have been some demographic changes since World War II. For example in Europe, from 1992 onwards, several women have been laureates of the prestigious EMS Prize. Some prominent female mathematicians throughout History are Hypatia of Alexandria (ca. 400 AD), Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), Emmy Noether (1882–1935), Sophie Germain (1776–1831), Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), Alicia Boole Stott (1860–1940), Rózsa Péter (1905–1977), Julia Robinson (1919–1985), Olga Taussky-Todd (1906–1995), Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), Mary Cartwright (1900–1998), Olga Ladyzhenskaya (1922–2004), Olga Oleinik (1925–2001) and Maryam Mirzakhani. The Association for Women in Mathematics is a professional society whose purpose is to encourage women and girls to study and to have active careers in the mathematical sciences, and to promote equal opportunity and the equal treatment of women and girls in the mathematical sciences. The American Mathematical Society and other mathematical societies offer several prizes aimed at increasing the representation of women and minorities in the future of mathematics. Prizes in mathematics There is no Nobel Prize in mathematics, though sometimes mathematicians have won the Nobel Prize in a different field, such as economics. Prominent prizes in mathematics include the Abel Prize, the Chern Medal, the Fields Medal, the Gauss Prize, the Nemmers Prize, the Balzan Prize, the Crafoord Prize, the Shaw Prize, the Steele Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Schock Prize, and the Nevanlinna Prize.
Posted on: Mon, 22 Dec 2014 10:46:40 +0000
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