Motilal Nehru From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Pandit Motilal Nehru Motilal nehru.jpg Congress President In office 1919–1920 Preceded by Syed Hasan Imam Succeeded by Lala Lajpat Rai Congress President In office 1928–1929 Preceded by Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Succeeded by Jawaharlal Nehru Personal details Born 6 May 1861 Agra [1] Died 6 February 1931 (aged 69) Nationality Indian Political party Indian National Congress Alma mater University of Cambridge Occupation Freedom fighter Activist Religion Hindu Motilal Nehru (6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931) was an Indian lawyer, an activist of the Indian National Movement and an important leader of the Indian National Congress, who also served as the Congress President twice, 1919–1920 and 1928–1929. He was the founder patriarch of Indias most powerful political family, the Nehru-Gandhi family. Contents [hide] 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Political career 3 Nehru report 4 Personal life 5 Death and legacy 6 Works 7 Biographies 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Early life and education[edit] Motilal Nehru was born on 6 May 1861 to Gangadhar Nehru who was a kotwal in Delhi. .[2] But Gangadhar died before Motilal was born.[3] He spent the early part of childhood in Khetri, second largest thikana estate within the princely Jaipur State, now in Rajasthan, where his elder brother, Nandlal was Diwan (Chief Minister). Thereafter in 1870, when Nandlal left his job, qualified as a lawyer and started practicing English law at Agra, the family moved with him. Subsequently the High Court shifted base to Allahabad, and the family settled there.[1][4][5][6][7] He became one of the first generation of young Hindus to receive a Western-style college education. He passed the matriculation examination from Kanpur, and went on to attend Muir Central College at Allahabad,[1] but failed to appear for the final year B.A. examinations. Later he qualified Bar at law from University of Cambridge and then enlisted as a lawyer in the English courts. Honored with “Proud Past Alumni in the list of 42 members, from Allahabad University Alumni Association, NCR[8] Career[edit] Motilal passed lawyer examination in 1883, started practicing as a lawyer at Kanpur, three years he moved to Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh., as his elder brother Nandlal already had a lucrative practice at the High Court. Here he became a barrister and settled in the city. The following year, in April 1887 his brother Nandlal died at the age of forty-two, leaving behind five sons and two daughters, thus Motilal at the age of 25 became sole bread-winner of the family.[1] Many of Motilals suits involved civil cases and soon he made a mark for himself in the legal profession of Allahabad. With the success of his practice, in 1900 he bought a large family home in the Civil Lines of the city, rebuilt it and named as Anand Bhavan (lit. Happy house).[1] In 1909 he reached the pinnacle of his legal career by gaining the approval to appear in the Privy Council of Great Britain. His frequent visits to Europe, angered the Kashmiri Brahmin community as he refused to perform the traditional prayashchit or reformation ceremony after crossing the ocean (according to Orthodox Hinduism, one lost his caste after crossing the ocean, and was required to perform certain rites to regain caste). He was the first Chairman of the Board of Directors of The Leader, and a leading daily published from Allahabad.[9] On February 5, 1919 he launched a new daily paper, the Independent, as a counterblast to the Leader, which was much too liberal for Motilals standard and articulate thought in 1919.[1] He started on the path to become wealthy among the few leaders of the Indian National Congress. Under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi in 1918, Nehru became one of the first to transform his life to exclude western clothes and material goods, adopting a more native Indian lifestyle. To meet the expenses of his large family and large family homes (he built Swaraj Bhavan later), Nehru had to occasionally return to his practice of law. Political career[edit] Motilal Nehru twice served as President of the Congress Party, once in Amritsar (1919) and the second time in Calcutta (1928).[1] Elected to preside over the Amritsar Congress (December 1919), Motilal was in the centre of the gathering storm which pulled down many familiar landmarks during the following year. He was the only front rank leader to lend his support to non-cooperation at the special Congress at Calcutta in September 1920.The Calcutta Congress (December 1928) over which Motilal presided was the scene of a head-on clash between those who were prepared to accept Dominion Status and those who would have nothing short of complete independence. A split was averted by a via media proposed by Gandhiji, according to which if Britain did not concede Dominion Status within a year, the Congress was to demand complete independence and to fight for it, if necessary, by launching civil disobedience.[1] He was arrested during the Non-Cooperation Movement. Although initially close to Gandhi, he openly criticized Gandhis suspension of civil resistance in 1922 due to the murder of policemen by a riotous mob in Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh. Motilal joined the Swaraj Party, which sought to enter the British-sponsored councils. Nehru had been elected to the United Provinces Legislative Council where he staged the first walk-out in protest of the rejection of a resolution he had moved.[10] In 1923, Nehru was elected to the new Central Legislative Assembly of British India in New Delhi and became leader of the Opposition. In that role, he was able to secure the defeat, or at least the delay, of Finance bills and other legislation. He agreed to join a Committee with the object of promoting the recruitment of Indian officers into the Indian Army, but this decision contributed to others going further and joining the Government itself.[11] In March 1926, Nehru demanded a representative conference to draft a constitution conferring full Dominion status on India, to be and enacted by the parliament. This demand was rejected by the Assembly, and as a result Nehru and his colleagues left the Assembly and returned to the Congress.[11] The entry of Motilals glamorous, highly-educated son Jawaharlal Nehru into politics in 1916, started the most powerful and influential Indian political dynasty. When in 1929, Motilal Nehru handed over the Congress presidency to Jawaharlal (Jawaharlal was not elected but had Gandhis backing), it greatly pleased Motilal and Nehru family admirers to see the son take over from his father. Jawaharlal had opposed his fathers preference for dominion status, and had not left the Congress Party when Motilal helped found the Swaraj Party. Nehru report[edit] Motilal Nehru chaired the famous Nehru Commission in 1928, that was a counter to the all-British Simon Commission. Nehru Report, the first constitution written by Indians only, conceived a dominion status for India within the Empire, akin to Australia, New Zealand and Canada. It was endorsed by the Congress Party, but rejected by more nationalist Indians who sought complete independence, and by many Muslims who didnt feel their interests, concerns and rights were properly represented.[citation needed] Personal life[edit] Main article: Nehru-Gandhi family Motilal Nehru married Swaroop Rani, a Kashmiri Brahmin. His eldest son Jawaharlal was born in 1889, followed by two daughters, Sarup (later Vijayalakshmi Pandit) and Krishna (later Krishna Hutheesing) born in 1900 and 1907 respectively. [show]Nehru–Gandhi family tree Death and legacy[edit] Motilal Nehrus age and declining health kept him out of the historic events of 1929-1931, when the Congress adopted complete independence as its goal and when Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha. He was arrested and imprisoned with his son; but his health gave way and he was released. In the last week of January 1931 Gandhiji and the Congress Working Committee were released by the Government as a gesture in that chain of events which was to lead to the Gandhi-lrwin Pact. Motilal had the satisfaction of having his son and Gandhiji beside him in his last days. On February 6, 1931 he died.[1] Motilal Nehru is largely remembered for being the patriarch of Indias most powerful political dynasty which has since produced three Prime Ministers. One of his great-great-grandsons, Rahul Gandhi, is a Member of Parliament and the General Secretary of Congress Party.[12] Another great-great-grandson, Varun Gandhi, is also a member of Indias Parliament representing the main opposition party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Today there are a number of educational institution named after him, like Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Motilal Nehru College, Delhi, and Motilal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad. A prominent road in Central Delhi is named after him. Works[edit] The Voice of Freedom: selected speeches of Pandit Motilal Nehru. ed. Kavalam Madhava Panikkar, A. Pershad. Asia Pub. House, 1961 Motilal Nehru: essays and reflections on his life and times, by Preet Chablani. S. Chand, 1961. Selected Works of Motilal Nehru (Volume 1-6), ed. Ravinder Kumar, D. N. Panigrahi. Vikas Pub., 1995. ISBN 0-7069-1885-1. Biographies[edit] Pandit Motilal Nehru: His life and work, by Upendra Chandra Bhattacharyya, Shovendu Sunder Chakravarty. Modern Book Agency, 1934 Motilal Nehru: a short political biography, by A. Pershad, Promilla Suri. S. Chand, 1961. Motilal Nehru (Builders of modern India), by Bal Ram Nanda. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1964. Pandit Motilal Nehru, a great patriot, with D. C. Goswami, R. K. Nayak, Shankar Dayal Singh. National Forum of Lawyers and Legal Aid, 1976 See also[edit] Political Families of The World References[edit] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Past Presidents- Pandit Motilal Nehru Jump up ^ Agrawal, M.K. (2012). From Bharat to India (in English) 2. Bloomington IN 47403: I Universe. p. 459. Retrieved 19 September, 2013 Jump up ^ Rau, M. Chalapathi (1967). Nehru for Children. Childrens Book Trust. p. 7. ISBN 978-81-7011-035-4. Retrieved 17 September 2013. Jump up ^ Pandit Motilal Nehru Profile Congress Sandesh. Jump up ^ Motilala Nehru I Love India Jump up ^ < Motilal Nehru Britannica. Jump up ^ amaltas.org/category/great-indian-personalities/motilal-nehru/ Jump up ^ He is Proud Past Alumni Allahabad University. Allahabad university Alumni Association web page say Jump up ^ Role of Press in Indias Struggle for Freedom. Jump up ^ Iyengar, A. S. (2001). Role of Press and Indian Freedom Struggle: All Through the Gandhian Era. APH Publishing. ISBN 8176482560, 9788176482561 Check |isbn= value (help). ^ Jump up to: a b Jawharlal Nehru, Jawharlal Nehru: an autobiography, with musings on recent events in India (1936) Jump up ^ Lok Sabh Members page: Rahul Gandhi. Retrieved 2010-10-26. Further reading[edit] Katherine Frank, Indira: the life of Indira Nehru Gandhi Jawaharlal Nehru, My Autobiography [show] v t e Indian National Congress Flag of the Indian National Congress.svg [show] v t e Indian independence movement Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 46792297 LCCN: n83127645 ISNI: 0000 0000 8124 8112 GND: 118785834 Categories: Indian independence activists from Uttar PradeshKashmiri peoplePresidents of the Indian National Congress1861 births1931 deathsNehru–Gandhi familyPeople from AgraPeople from AllahabadMembers of Central Legislative Assembly of IndiaAlumni of the University of CambridgePrisoners and detainees of British IndiaIndian lawyersUttar Pradesh politiciansIndian newspaper foundersIndian barristers Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history Search Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools Print/export Languages Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 Edit links This page was last modified on 24 October 2013 at 13:58. 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