Prof Ahmad Faraz Rana Modern valence bond theoryis the application of valence bond theory, with computer programs that are competitive in accuracy and economy with programs for the Hartree–Fock methodand other molecular orbitalbased methods. The latter methods dominated quantum chemistryfrom the advent of digital computers because they were easier to program. The early popularity of valence bond methods thus declined. It is only recently that the programming of valence bond methods has improved. These developments are due to and described by Gerratt, Cooper, Karadakov and Raimondi (1997); Li and McWeeny (2002); Joop H. van Lenthe and co-workers (2002); [ 1 ]Song, Mo, Zhang and Wu (2005); and Shaik and Hiberty (2004). [ 2 ] In its simplest form the overlapping atomic orbitalsare replaced by orbitals which are expanded as linear combinationsof the atom-based basis functions, forming linear combinations of atomic orbitals(LCAO). This expansion is optimized to give the lowest energy. This procedure gives good energies without including ionic structures. For example, in the hydrogen molecule, classic valence bond theory uses two 1s atomic orbitals(a and b) on the two hydrogenatoms respectively and then constructs a covalentstructure:- (a(1)b(2) + b(1)a(2)) (α(1)β(2) - β(1)α(2)) and then an ionicstructure:- (a(1)a(2) + b(1)b(2)) (α(1)β(2) - β(1)α(2)) The final wave functionis a linear combination of these two functions. Coulsonand Fischer [ 3 ]pointed out that a completely equivalent function is:- ((a+kb)(1)(b+ka)(2) + (b+ka)(1)(a+kb)(2)) (α(1)β(2) - β(1)α(2)) as expanding this out gives a linear combination of the covalent and ionic structures. Modern valence bond theory replaces the simple linear combination of the two atomic orbitalswith a linear combination of all orbitals in a larger basis set. The two resulting valence bond orbitals look like an atomic orbital on one hydrogen atom slightly distorted towards the other hydrogen atom. Modern valence bond theory is thus an extension of this Coulson– Fischer method. Spin-coupled theory There are a large number of different valence bond methods. Most use n valence bond orbitals for n electrons. If a single set of these orbitals is combined with all linear independent combinations of the spin functions, we havespin-coupled valence bond theory. The total wave functionis optimized using the variational methodby varying the coefficients of the basis functionsin the valence bond orbitals and the coefficients of the different spin functions. In other cases only a sub-set of all possible spin functions is used. Many valence bond methods use several sets of the valence bond orbitals. Be warned that different authors use different names for these different valence bond methods.
Posted on: Sat, 27 Dec 2014 23:14:50 +0000
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