Professional Ethics CMA Part 1 Section E - Professional Ethics Intro duction to Ethics In the Part 1 exam, ethics may be tested in conjunction with any other topic area. We recommend that you memorize, but not only memorize, that you understand the items that are listed in the IMAs Statement of Ethical Professional Practice, which is reproduced on the following pages. In todays modern world of business, individuals in management accounting and financial management constantly face ethical dilemmas. For example, if an accountants immediate superior instructs the accountant to record the physical inventory at its original costs when it is obvious that the inventory has a reduced value due to obsolescence, what should the accountant do? Ethics, in its broader sense, deals with human conduct in relation to what is morally good and bad, right and wrong. To determine whether a decision is good or bad, the decision-maker must compare his/her options with some standard. This standard is not a statement of static position but requires the decision-maker to assess the situation and the values of the parties affected by the decision. The decision-maker must then estimate the outcome of the decision and be responsible for its results. Two good questions to ask when faced with an ethical dilemma are, Will my actions be fair and just to all parties affected? and Would I be pleased to have my closest friends learn of my actions? Business Ethics Ethics concerns the morality of activities and practices that are considered right or wrong, including the rules and values that give rise to those activities and practices. Thus, business ethics is a systematic study of morality as it is applied to the business world. Business ethics are considered an integral part of business and are usually officially incorporated into the culture of a company in one manner or another. This may be done very formally through the use of Value or Mission Statements, or informally through peer pressure and the culture that is set by the management team through their behavior. Business ethics form a key part of the culture of a company, and the issue of ethics has become even more central in businesses today as a result of several well-known accounting scandals and business failures over the past few years. By establishing corporate ethical standards, organizations endeavor to influence the behavior of the people who are working for the company. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, enacted into law in 2002 in response to some of these failures, a company is required to disclose whether or not it has adopted a Code of Ethics for its senior financial officers, and if not, why not. Three general principles are to be included in a companys Code of Ethics: (1) honest and ethical conduct; (2) full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in SEC filings; and (3) compliance with applicable governmental rules and regulations. Note: Customs and traditions in different parts of the world, and even in neighboring countries, make ethics a more complicated issue. What may be considered unethical in one part of the world may be seen as business as usual in another. Despite these local and regional elements of ethics, there is a shared understanding of what is considered ethical or unethical on a global level. For the CMA Exams, however, the issue of ethics is tested based on the ethics standard that has been established by the Institute of Management Accountants, the Statement of Ethical Professional Practice. 388 Section E Professional Ethics In practical terms, business ethics standards distinguish between desirable and undesirable behavior and actions in relation to the following, as well as among other considerations: • General understanding of what is considered to be right or wrong, • Compliance with laws and regulations, both external and internal, • Resolution of conflicts, • Conflict of interest, • Whistle-blowing, • Bribes and kickbacks, and • Social responsibilities. Despite the existence of various acts, codes and regulations addressing issues of business ethics on national, corporate and individual levels, there are always external and internal factors that may encourage unethical behavior. • On the individual level, the personal judgment of an employee often depends on his or her personal life experience, educational background and social status. All of these are different for everyone and as a result, each individual may react differently to the same situations. • On the organizational level, organization-specific features such as management style, group dynam ics, remuneration/promotion systems and practices, performance evaluation, budgeting and reporting processes as well as overall condition of the business, are all important factors impacting the behavior of individuals in more or less significant ways. When companies are doing well and indi viduals are well compensated, there may be less desire to act in unethical ways because of the risk involved. However, when things in the company are bad, or an individual has little to lose personally, there is a greater inclination toward unethical behaviors. • Outside ofthe organization, external pressures and influences such as those of competitors, inves tors, partners, customers, governments (especially in a different country) and other stakeholders may compel individuals to compromise their ethical standards. A firm working in different countries or cultures may find it particularly difficult to have employees adhere to a single set of rules and reach consensus on what should be considered right or wrong as applied to business practices. These various factors may lead, in certain cases, to behaviors that are in contradiction with individual and corporate ethical standards. However, it must be noted that in some particular situations, opinions are divided as to what is considered ethical action. No one code of ethics can cover all possible cases and scenarios that an individual may face in reality. However, there are several general guidelines to help determine whether a particular action or behavior should be considered right or wrong. The most important criterion of all is whether the particular action creates more benefits than harm to all parties who are directly or indirectly Impacted by it. Many think that all parties should include society as a whole, the environment or, at an extreme, even space. (An issue in respect to space is the pollution of space with satellites and other spacecraft that have been launched and not returned to earth.) The importance of adhering to the highest standards of business ethics is particularly highlighted in the wake of the massive corporate scandals that swept the business world in recent years. Today, no one denies the importance of business ethics in the world of business. This is evidenced by the wide and extensive coverage in the media, numerous conferences, and legislative committees and political debates on this topic. In the U.S., this is most visible in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Act provides that unethical activity in business can result in legal liability, not only of a corporate nature but also of a personal nature. 389 Professional Ethics CMA Part 1 Individuals in management accounting and financial management have a unique set of circumstances relating to their employment. To address the issue of ethics for its members and to help them assess their situation and make a decision, the Institute of Management Accountants (IMAl has developed a Code of Ethics, called Statement of Ethical Professional Practice. This code is provided in its full text on this and the following pages. This is the version that was adopted in August 2005. We highly recommend that you read the Statement of Ethical Professional Practice carefully, know what it contains and most importantly, be able to apply it to situations. Questions on the exam require thorough knowledge of and the ability to apply these standards to cases presented in the questions. The Part 1 exam consists of both multiple choice and essay questions. If an essay question includes ethical considerations, you should be able to cite the applicable standard or standards as part of your answer. You will need to be able to quote the portion you cite virtually word for word, so memorize it well. Paraphrasing it is not good enough. Ethical Behavior for Practitioners of Management Accounting and Financial Management Practitioners of management accounting and financial management have an obligation to the public, their profession, the organizations they serve, and themselves to maintain the highest standards of ethical conduct. In recognition of this obligation, the Institute of Management Accountants has promulgated the following standards of ethical professional practice. Adherence to these standards, both domestically and international ly, is integral to achieving the Objectives of Management Accounting. Practitioners of management accounting and financial management shall not commit acts contrary to these standards nor shall they condone the commission of such acts by others within their organizations. Stateme nt of Ethical Professio nal Practice Members of IMA shall behave ethically. A commitment to ethical professional practice includes overarching principles that express our values, and standards that guide our conduct. PRINCIPLES IMAs overarching ethical principles include: Honesty, Fairness, Objectivity, and Responsibility. Members shall act in accordance with these principles and shall encourage others within their organizations to adhere to them. Note: IMAs overarching ethical principles are: Honesty, Fairness, Objectivity, and Responsibility. In an essay answer to an ethics question on the exam, if you mention any of them, you will need to be able to also define them. The definitions, which are not part of the Statement, are: Honesty means fairness and straightforwardness of conduct. It is the quality of being upright, having integrity, truthfulness, sincerity, frankness, and freedom from deceit or fraud. Fairness means acting in an impartial manner and being free from bias, dishonesty or injustice. It requires a person to be open-minded, tolerant and accepting. Objectivity means basing a judgment on an established set of criteria. It is the state of being unbiased, free from personal feelings or prejudice and basing analyses and decisions on the facts alone. Responsibility means doing what you say you will do when you say you will do it. It is the state of being answerable or accountable for something that is within ones own power, control or management. Note: The standards of ethical conduct are the four standards that are discussed in the following para graphs: Competence, Confidentiality, Integrity, and Credibility. 390 Section E Professional Ethics STANDARDS A members failure to comply with the following standards may result in disciplinary action. I. COMPETENCE Each member has a responsibility to: 1) Maintain an appropriate level of professional expertise by continually developing knowledge and skills. 2) Perform professional duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and technical standards. 3) Provide decision support information and recommendations that are accurate, clear, concise, and timely. 4) Recognize and communicate professional limitations or other constraints that would preclude respon sible judgment or successful performance of an activity. Note: Fulfilling the competence standard includes keeping up with changes in laws, regulations, accounting standards, and association rules and requirements. Some examples of these are: • New guidance issued by the PCAOB and the SEC relating to requirements in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. • Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), including U.S. standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Financial Reporting Standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). • Other national and state legislation specific to your industry. Failure to keep informed about changes in these regulations could cause you to unknowingly commit an ethics violation or violate a legal requirement. II. CONFIDENTIALITY Each member has a responsibility to: 1) Keep information confidential except when disclosure is authorized or legally required. 2) Inform all relevant parties regarding appropriate use of confidential information. Monitor subordi nates activities to ensure compliance. 3) Refrain from using confidential information for unethical or illegal advantage. Note: Here are some examples of ways to keep information confidential : • Do not discuss confidential information in any public setting, either on a cell phone or face to face. • Know who in your organization has access to confidential information and does not. • Do not discuss confidential information with family or friends. • Use passwords to protect documents and set permissions so only certain people are able to access them. • Guard laptop computers against theft. • Do not connect to the Internet using a connection that is not secure • Delete permanently and destroy documents that are no longer needed • If you are asked to disclose information and you are not sure whether you should do so, check company or other guidelines and standards before proceeding. 391 Professional Ethics CMA Part 1 III. INTEGRITY Each member has a responsibility to: 1) Mitigate actual conflicts of interest; regularly communicate with business associates to avoid appar ent conflicts of interest. Advise all parties of any potential conflicts. 2) Refrain from engaging in any conduct that would prejudice carrying out duties ethically. 3) Abstain from engaging in or supporting any activity that might discredit the profession. Note: Here are some suggestions for maintaining your integrity: • Do not accept any gifts, favors or anything else that could cause you to feel an obligation to someone as that could influence what you may do in the future. • If you have any conflict of interest in a situation, you should excuse yourself from any decision-making position. • If you have any professional limitations that could impair the performance of your duties, you should make them known to your superiors. • Do not just tell your superiors what they want to hear. Communicate both the good and the bad news. IV. CREDIBILITY Each member has a responsibility to: 1) Communicate information fairly and objectively. 2) Disclose all relevant information that could reasonably be expected to influence an intended users understanding of the reports, analyses, or recommendations. 3) Disclose delays or deficiencies in information, timeliness, processing, or internal controls in confor mance with organization policy and/or applicable law. Note: Credibility may involve things such as: • Provide regular updates on projects you are working on. • If news is bad, do not delay in giving it. Do not omit information. Omission is as bad as commission. • If you will not be able to perform a task as you had expected to, let everyone concerned know as soon as you become aware of it. • Gather all the necessary facts about a situation and do all the needed analysis. Request reports or recommendations, if appropriate. • Assess risks ahead of time in order to be prepared. 392 Section E Professional Ethics RESOLUTION OF ETHICAL CONFLICT In applying the Standards of Ethical Professional Practice, you may encounter problems identifying unethical behavior or resolving an ethical conflict. When faced with ethical issues, you should follow your organizations established policies on the resolution of such conflict. If these policies do not resolve the ethical conflict, you should consider the following courses of action: 1) Discuss the issue with your immediate supervisor except when it appears that the supervisor is involved. In that case, present the issue to the next level. If you cannot achieve a satisfactory reso lution, submit the issue to the next management level. If your immediate superior is the chief executive officer or equivalent, the acceptable reviewing authority may be a group such as the audit committee, executive committee, board of directors, board of trustees, or owners. Contact with le vels above the immediate superior should be initiated only with your superiors knowledge, assuming he or she is not involved. Communication of such problems to authorities or individuals not employed or engaged by the organization is not considered appropriate, unless you believe there is a clear vi olation of the law. 2) Clarify relevant ethical issues by initiating a confidential discussion with an IMA Ethics Counselor or other impartial advisor to obtain a better understanding of possible courses of action. 3) Consult your own attorney as to legal obligations and rights concerning the ethical conflict. Source: Institute of Management Accountants, © 2009 Institute of Management Accountants, used by permission. 393 Professional Ethics CMA Part 1 (ThiS page intentionally left blank) 394 CMA Part 1 Answers to Questions Answers to Questions 1 d - Monitoring is not a process of planning, but rather a review of what has already occurred. 2 b - If plans are made too formal it prevents managers from pursuing new opportunities or making necessary decisions as a result of changes in the environment from what was planned. 3 b - Strategic plans are long-term and therefore, the product mix for the current year is not a strategic plan. 4 b - The objectives of the company have to be determined before anything else can be set. 5 c - Top management must be involved in the budgeting process and this is usually by using the budget as a means to communicate the company goals. 6 b - If top management sets the budget levels without any input from others in the company, nobody will support the budget as their own. 7 b - The sales budget is the first budget that needs to be set. 8 d - Selling and administrative budgets should be detailed enough to be useful, including the understanding of the assumptions underlying them. 9 b - In zero-based budgeting, the budget starts with nothing in it and all costs need to be justified each year. 10 b - To solve a flexible budget problem we need to determine the standard cost per unit and then use this at the actual level of production. If the budget called for 144,000 units at a cost of $lBO,OOO, the standard cost per unit was $1.25 ($lBO,OOO .;. 144,000). If actual production was 1O,BOO units, the cost should have been $13,500 (10,BOO units x $1.25 per unit). 11 c - There is a lot of information in this question, but much of it is not needed. We are told what the formula is and that the actual shipping was 12,300 pounds. Putting this into the formula, we get: $16,000 + ($.50 x 12,300) = $22,150. 12 b - Again, when making flexible budget calculations we need the standard rate per unit. In this budget, the contribution per standard unit is $6.50 ($975,000 contribution .;. 150,000 units). If they sold 1BO,000 units the total contribution would be $1,170,000. Subtracting the fixed costs of $750,000 from this, we get the total profit at 1BO,000 units of $420,000. 13 c - In order to solve this problem we need to determine a total fixed cost and the variable cost per unit. The total fixed costs are $200,000 ($100,000 each of manufacturing and selling costs) . The total variable costs in the 100,000-unit budget are $450,000. This gives a standard variable cost of $4.50 per unit. Therefore, to produce 110,000 units the company will incur $495,000 in variable costs and $200,000 in fixed costs for a total of $695,000. 14 c - We again need to use the same formula to determine production amounts, but this time instead of doing it for a month, it is done for a quarter. This is not a problem because the formula works for any period of time. We first need to calculate the level of sales in each month, given a 5% increase each month. The expected sales are: July - 200,000; August 210,000; September - 220,500; and October - 231,525. Though October is not in this period we need it to calculate ending inventory levels. The units needed for the quarter are 630,500 and since ending inventory needs to be BO% of the next months sales, this is 1B5,220 (231,525 x .BO). There are only 150,000 units in beginning inventory so the company will need to produce 665,720 units during the quarter (630,500 + 1B5,220 - 150,000). 15 c - In order to determine the total cost of materials, we need to know how many units must be purchased. They will produce 600,000 finished units and since each finished unit requires 4 units of materials, they will need 2,400,000 units of material just for production. Ending inventory is 25% of the usage this period or 600,000. We are told that they had BOO,OOO units in beginning inventory so they will need to purchase only 2,200,000 units at $1.20 per unit. This is a total materials cost of $2,640,000. 16 c - This is a basic question of units needed in a period, but it is about the number of units of the raw materials that are needed. There are 3 units of raw materials in a finished unit. The amount needed in the third quarter itself is 102,000 units of raw materials (3 x 34,000 finished units). In addition, the ending inventory is 30% of the next quarters needs. This is 43,200 units of raw materials (4B,000 finished units x 3 x .3). The beginning inventory was 30% of the current quarters needs or 30,600 (102,000 x .3). This means that a total of 114,600 units of raw materials need to be purchased this period. 17 b - This is a very long question, but with only a few important pieces of information. In January, the production will be equal to 1.5 times the expected sales in February. Expected February sales are 36,000 so in January the company will produce 54,000 units. 18 b - In February the production will be equal to 1 .;. 2 of March sales. March sales are expected to be 33,000, so February will see production of 16,500 units. The variable cost per unit is $7 ($3.50 + $1 + $2 + 395 Answers to Questions CMA Part 1 $.50), so total variable costs will be $115,500. We need to add to this the $12,000 of fixed costs giving us a total production cost of $127,500. 19 c - This question is much easier if you use the formula given for how to calculate the number of units that a company needs to produce or purchase within a given time period in order to meet the demand for that period and the opening beginning inventory required for the next month. That formula is: Units needed for use in the current period Plus Units needed for next months beginning inventory (i.e., ending inventory) Minus Units on hand at the beginning of this period (i.e., beginning inventory) Equals Units needed to be made or purchased this period In August the company needs to have 2,500 tables to sell. They also need 840 units in ending inventory. This is 40% of Septembers sales (2,100 tables). In beginning inventory they have 1,000 tables. We know this because the ending inventory is always 40% of the next months sales. So, Julys ending inventory (which is also Augusts beginning inventory) would have been 1,000 units (40% of 2,500). So, they need in total 3,340 tables in August and already have 1,000. They will need to produce 2,340 tables during August. 20 b - This question is about table legs instead of tables, but still uses the same formula as the previous question. They need 6,400 table legs in August if production will be 1,600 tables. Since the policy is to have 60% of the next months needed table legs in ending inventory, they will need 4,320 in ending inventory (1,800 tables x 4 legs per table x .6). The beginning inventory was 4,200 (this was given in the problem). Since they need 10,720 table legs in August and have only 4,200, they will need to purchase 6,520. 21 a - Because this is a mathematical calculation, there are different ways it can be done. One of them is as follows: 1,800 units will be produced and each table needs 20 minutes. That is 36,000 minutes or 600 hours. Each employee works 160 hours a month, so 3.75 employees will be needed. 22 d - This is a very large question with a couple of minor details that are essential to getting the question correct. It is, however, the same basic premise as the previous questions about how many units need to be produced or purchased. The first thing that we need to do is determine how many bicycles and tricycles need to be produced. The number of bicycles that will be sold is 130,000. However, during the period, inventory will decrease by 1,250 units, so this means that only 128,750 bicycles will be produced. The sales of tricycles will be 96,000, but during the year inventory will increase by 200, so production needs to be 96,200. We now need to calculate how many of part A19 will be needed during the period. There are 2 A19 In a bicycle and 2 in a tricycle. This is a total of 449,900 units of A19 ((128,750 x 2) + (96,200 x 2» . We are told that the ending inventory for A19 is 2,000 and the beginning inventory is 3,500. 50, 448,400 units must be purchased during the period (449,900 + 2,000 - 3,500). At a cost of $1.20 per unit, this is a total budgeted cost of $538,080. 23 b - This is almost the same as the previous question, but for a different part and we need to know how many times they must order it, given an order quantity of 70,000 units. We will use the same production numbers of bicycles and tricycles as in the previous question, so the calculation of unit B12 is as follows: ((128,750 x 4) + (96,200 x 1» = 611,200 units needed for production during the period. Given a beginning balance of 1,200 units and an ending balance of 1,800 units the total number to be purchased is 611,800. Since 70,000 can be ordered at a time, they must order 9 times (it is really 8.74, but it is not possible to use .74 of a time, so we must round up to 9). 24 c - To calculate collections we need to go through each month to determine how much of that months sales were collected and how much of the previous months sales were collected. The company collects 50% of the credit sales in the month of the sale and 45% in the following month. Therefore, the collections in the third quarter are: July $70,000 $54,000 $124,000 August $80,000 $63,000 $143,000 September $75,000 $72,000 *1,000 25 b - This question is very similar to a previous question, except for a small and critical difference. In that question, 50% of the sales were collected in the month of the sale, 45% in the month after and 5% never collected. In this question, 5% are never collected, and then 60% of the amount that will be collected is collected in the month of the sale. Notice the difference in that in this month it is not 60% of the total credit sales, but rather 60% of the credit sales that will be collected. It is critical that you recognize what percentage of what is being collected. So, in December they will collect 40% of 95% of the November credit sales. 50% of this month 45% of last month TOTAL $147,000 396 CMA Part 1 Answers to Questions November credit sales were $240,000. Of this, 95% will be collected, or $228,000. Of this 40% will be collected In December, or $91,200. 26 c - The budgeted cash receipts in January will include the cash collections on December and January credit sales as well as the cash sales from January. January cash sales were $60,000. Collections on December sales will be $136,800 ($360,000 x .95 x .4), and collections on January credit sales will be $102,600 ($180,000 x .95 x .6). In total, $299,400 will be collected in January. 27 c - This question is asking only about how much money (if any) Raymar will need to borrow in April. Since they also need to have a $100,000 balance at the end of April, the amount that they will need to borrow is the amount by which disbursements exceed collections in April. So, we need to make 2 calculations, what they received and what they paid. We will look first at what they received. In April, they will collect 50% of the April sales ($50,000) and 50% of the March sales ($40,000). This is $45,000 and represents the amount collected in April. In April, they will also need to pay 75% of April payables ($40,000) and 25% of March payables ($30,000). This is in total $37,500. However, they also have $100,000 of total payroll and other disbursements. This brings their total payments in April to $137,500. This is $92,500 more than their receipts. However, as they are able to borrow only in increments of $10,000, they will need to borrow $100,000 in order to maintain a minimum balance of $100,000 at the end of April. 28 d - In this question we will need to determine not only how much money will need to be borrowed in May (if any), but also how much interest will need to be paid in Mayas well. We will start by looking at the amount that needs to be borrowed. This is done in much the same manner as the previous question, calculating the amount of cash paid and received in May. The collections are 50% of April sales ($50,000) and 50% of May sales ($100,000). This is $75,000 received. The disbursements are 75% of May payables ($40,000) and 25% of April payables ($40,000). This is $40,000, to which we need to add the $60,000 of payroll and other disbursements. This is a total of $100,000 in disbursements. This gives a $25,000 shortfall in May that will need to be made up by borrowing. This would appear to require $30,000 in borrowings. However, at the end of April the cash balance was not $100,000, but $107,500 as a result of the need to borrow in even $10,000 amounts. Therefore, they do not need to borrow the full $25,000, but only $17,500. This requires a loan of $20,000. Now we need to look at the interest. Given that they borrowed $100,000 in April, they will need to pay 1% of this in May, or $1,000. Note: This question will not appear like this on the Exam because in order to get the May question correct, as it is asked, you must have also gotten the April question correct. On the Exam they would give you information about April for the May question. 29 d - By definition the coefficient of correlation measures the strength of the relationship between two variables. 30 b - The relationship between these two variables is a perfectly direct relationship - as x increases by 1, Y decreases by 2. Since the variables move in the opposite direction it is a perfectly negative relationship, represented by -1. 31 b - Under exponential smoothing, the most recent results are given more weight than results further in the past. Since the last nine months have seen a significant change, it is important to give more weight to recent results. 32 c - The regression coefficient must lie between -1 and +1. The closer the absolutetalue of the coefficient to 1 the stronger the relationship is. Among the alternatives, -0.89 has the highest absolute value that is not greater than +1 or less than -1. 33 d - According to the regression analysis formula (y = a + bx), inserting in the formula the values given: y = 684.65 + (7.2884 x 420); y = 684.65 + 3061.128; y = 3745.78 34 a - By definition. R change in the dependent variable that can be explained by changes in the independent variable. 35 d - Using cumulative average time learning, when the total quantity of units produced doubles, the cumulative average time per unit required for all the units produced is X% of the cumulative average time per unit required for the original number of units. This question gives labor costs instead of labor time, but since the question also asks for total labor cost, we can use the costs the same way we would use time. We are told that the average labor cost for the first batch is $120 per unit and the cumulative average labor cost after the second batch (the first doubling) is $72 per unit. From this, we can calculate that the learning curve is 60% (72 .;. 120 = .6). If the average cost per unit for the first two batches is $72, then the average cost per unit for all four batches (after the fourth batch - the second doubling) is $72 x .6, or $43.20. Since each batch contains 100 units, 4 batches contain a total of 400 units. If the average cost per unit is $43.20, the total cost for 400 units (4 batches) is $43.20 x 400, or $17,280. 36 a - We have to include the first 50 units manufactured in this analysis, since they contributed to the learning curve. So we will analyze the cost for the first 200 units and then subtract from that the cost for the 2 , or the coefficient of determination, represents the percentage of the total amount of
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