The Global Conflicts to Watch in 2015 By URI FRIEDMAN The Atlantic December 15 2014, 6:06 PM ET Photo 1: Center for Preventive Action/Council on Foreign Relations Foreign policy often involves making difficult and debatable choices about which parts of the world matter more to a given country—and which, by extension, matter less. Its about defining national interests and determining where those interests are most evident and endangered. This is why the United States has done far more to stop ISIS in Syria and Iraq than, say, sectarian war in the Central African Republic. In short, its about priorities. And according to a new survey of U.S. foreign-policy experts and practitioners, those priorities could look a lot like the map above in 2015, at least from Americas point of view. The map sorts potential conflicts around the world into three tiers of risk: red for high-priority threats, orange for moderate-priority threats, and yellow for low-priority threats. According to Paul Stares, the reports lead author, its a color-coded snapshot of where the balance of U.S. attention and resources should be devoted in the coming year. As such, its also a guide to the places and conflicts that are likely to receive relatively little attention from Americas national-security apparatus in the months ahead. The survey, this years edition of a study conducted annually by the Council on Foreign Relations Center for Preventive Action, flagged violence in Iraq between ISIS and the Iraqi military, and between Sunnis and Shiites more broadly, as the top priority for the U.S. in the coming year. Other high-priority potential scenarios include a major attack on the United States or a U.S. ally; a cyberattack on U.S. infrastructure; a crisis involving North Korea; the prospect of Israeli military strikes against Irans nuclear sites; a confrontation between China and its neighbors over territorial claims in the South China Sea; an escalation of the Syrian civil war; and growing instability in Afghanistan. Notably, they also include two contingencies that werent raised in last years report: an intensification of fighting between Ukrainian forces and Russian-backed militias in Ukraine, and heightened violence between Israelis and Palestinians. Respondents in this years survey reported more concerns about Iraq and Afghanistan unraveling than they have in past reports, along with growing unease about confrontation with Russia and China, Stares, the director of the Center for Preventive Action, told me. Respondents were also more worried than last year about the potential outbreak of a Third Intifada in Israel and the consequences of a possible collapse of nuclear talks between Iran and Western powers. They were less worried than last year about conflicts in countries such as Somalia, South Sudan, and Mali. This doesnt necessarily mean that instability has receded from this latter set of countries; just that these countries appear to have receded as a priority for those surveyed. What is interesting is how people rank the relative importance of these conflicts, Stares explained. The risk of U.S. military engagement, [nuclear] proliferation, terrorism—these are the leading criteria for how most people judge [a conflicts] importance to U.S. interests. Humanitarian concerns definitely fall down the list in terms of hierarchy of interests. Homeland security [and] instability in the Middle East and East Asia dominate the tier-one contingencies, he continued. In tier two there are more African contingencies, more South Asian contingencies. You can see how, despite the U.S. desire to ... put more emphasis on Asia, were still going to be preoccupied with the greater Middle East for the foreseeable future. Photo 2: Center for Preventive Action/Council on Foreign Relations These maps do not depict where violence will be fiercest in 2015, or where turmoil will be the most destabilizing or transformative. They are not the product of a sophisticated algorithm for predicting the worlds next trouble spots. Instead, they offer a broad view of the world through the lens of U.S. national security—more a reflection of current anxieties among experts than a forecast of future developments (last years report, for instance, did not foresee the rise of ISIS or Vladimir Putins seizure of Crimea, though it did warn of civil war in Iraq). The reports results are often just an extrapolation of the recent past, Stares said. To arrive at the results, Stares and his fellow researchers asked 2,200 U.S. government officials, academics, and experts to assess the impact and likelihood of 30 scenarios, whittled down from a universe of more than 1,000 suggestions solicited online. Their answers were then sorted into the matrix below. Photo 3: Center for Preventive Action/Council on Foreign Relations The exercise depends, of course, on how U.S. interests are defined. In the report, a high-impact scenario is one that directly threatens the U.S. homeland, is likely to trigger U.S. military involvement because of treaty commitments, or threatens the supply of critical U.S. strategic resources. A low-impact scenario is one that could have severe/widespread humanitarian consequences but in countries of limited strategic importance to the United States. If you interpret the meaning of interests another way, the world might look very different.
Posted on: Wed, 17 Dec 2014 13:42:08 +0000
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