The Rashid Project Researcher and Curator of the African-American Classical Art-Form (so-called Jazz). African-American music is an umbrella term covering a diverse range of musics and musical genres largely developed by and for African-Americans. Jazz, blues, gospel, soul, rock and roll, and hip hop constitute the principal modern genres of African-American music. Their origins are in musical forms that arose out of the historical condition of slavery that characterized the lives of black Americans prior to the American Civil War. The modern genres were developed during the late 19th century by fusing European musical styles (characterized by diatonic harmony within the framework of equal temperament) with those of African origin which employed the natural harmonic series. The only exception was hip hop, which was formed in the late 20th century from earlier forms of African-American music such as jazz and blues. Following the Civil War, black Americans, through employment as musicians playing European music in military bands, developed new musical styles such as ragtime and what would become known as jazz. In developing this latter musical form, African Americans contributed knowledge of the sophisticated polyrhythmic structure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. Together, these musical forms had a wide-ranging and profound influence over the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. Later periods saw considerable innovation and change. African-American genres have been highly influential across socio-economic and racial groupings internationally, and have enjoyed popularity on a global level. The Music of Black Americans: A History. Eileen Southern. W. W. Norton & Company; 3rd edition (1997). ISBN 0-393-97141-4 Stewart, Earl L. (1998). African American Music: An Introduction. ISBN 0-02-860294-3. Cobb, Charles E., Jr., Traveling the Blues Highway, National Geographic Magazine, April 1999, v.195, n.4 Dixon, RMW & Godrich, J (1981), Blues and Gospel Records: 1902–1943, Storyville, London. Hamilton, Marybeth: In Search of the Blues. Leadbitter, M. & Slaven, N. (1968), Blues Records 1943–1966, Oak Publications, London. William Ferris; Give My Poor Heart Ease: Voices of the Mississippi Blues, University of North Carolina Press (2009). ISBN 0-8078-3325-8 ISBN 978-0807833254 (with CD and DVD) William Ferris; Glenn Hinson, The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife, University of North Carolina Press (2009). ISBN 0-8078-3346-0 ISBN 978-0-8078-3346-9 (Cover :photo of James Son Thomas) William Ferris; Blues From The Delta, Da Capo Press; revised edition (1988). ISBN 0-306-80327-5 ISBN 978-0306803277 Ted Gioia; Delta Blues: The Life and Times of the Mississippi Masters Who Revolutionized American Music, W. W. Norton & Company (2009). ISBN 0-393-33750-2 ISBN 978-0393337501 Sheldon Harris; Blues Whos Who, Da Capo Press, 1979. Robert Nicholson; Mississippi Blues Today! Da Capo Press (1999). ISBN 0-306-80883-8 ISBN 978-0-306-80883-8 Robert Palmer; Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta, Penguin reprint (1982) ISBN 0-14-006223-8; ISBN 978-0-14-006223-6 Frederic Ramsey Jr.; Been Here And Gone, 1st edition (1960), Rutgers University Press; London Cassell (UK) and New Brunswick, NJ. 2nd printing (1969), Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. (2000) University Of Georgia Press, 2000. Charles Reagan Wilson, William Ferris, Ann J. Adadie, Encyclopedia of Southern Culture (1656 pp.), University of North Carolina Press; 2nd Edition (1989). ISBN 0-8078-1823-2. ISBN 978-0-8078-1823-7
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