*ॐ* NAMO ~*ॐ* NAMO ~*ॐ*NAMO ~*ॐ*~NAMO* ॐ*NAMO ॐ *NAMO *ॐ ॐ*NAMO ॐ *NAMO *ॐ Human capital flight (Brain Drain). What Is MODDISM ? *ॐ~वन्दे मातरम~ॐ* भारत को पुन: विश्व गुरु बनाने मे आपका सहयोग करे Talent, Jnana, Vidya plays an important role in helping a country develop in Outer & Inner Universe since ancient time through Vedanta & Gita. . The economy of a country that has a large number of world-class Saints like Gandhi, Vivekanda & Narendra Modi, scientists and technicians can be more innovative than those of others that do not. Different areas and nations have distinct policies to retain skilled workers due to the different national or regional situation. *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* In India, although suffering severe brain drain every year, the Indian Government has not adopted strict policies because they believe that the overseas talent will eventually contribute to the nation in the future. *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* What Is MODDISM ? *ॐ~वन्दे मातरम~ॐ* भारत को पुन: विश्व गुरु बनाने मे आपका सहयोग करे What Is MODDISM ? विश्व की प्राचीनतम संस्कृतियों में भारतीय संस्कृति मानी जाती है। इसकी प्राचीनता का एक प्रमाण यहां की वेद व पुराण भी है। Achhe Din Aane Wale Hain (अच्छे दिन आने आने वाले हैं). Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas., सबका साथ, सबका विकास, *ॐ~वन्दे मातरम~ॐ* *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* A loss of Human Capital by India since 67 years occurred when this Brain moved elsewhere i.e. USA, UK, Germany. India have recently been discovered to be at the top of the list of countries with skilled students of English leaving. Human capital flight is an Economics term equivalent to the Sociology term, brain drain, which refers to the emigration of intelligent, well-educated individuals to somewhere for better pay or conditions, causing the place they came from to lose those skilled people, or brains. Typically, emigrating brains have learned English and move to the United Kingdom, the US or some other English-speaking country. An example is Albert Einstein. Brain drain is common in developing nations, particularly in former African colonies of England, the island nations of the Caribbean,and in centralized economies such as the former East Germany and the Soviet Union. *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* There are several types of brain drain: Organizational: The flight of talented, creative, and highly trained employees from large corporations—e.g. Yahoo,[3] HubSpot,[4] and Microsoft[5]— that occurs when employees perceive the direction and leadership of the company to be unstable or stagnant, and thus, unable to keep up with their personal and professional ambitions. Geographical: The flight of highly trained individuals and college graduates from their area of residence, for instance, those migrating from the mid-western United States to the coastal states and large metropolises. Industrial: The movement of traditionally skilled workers from one sector of an industry to another. For example, jobs in the United States and other governments, also known as the public sector, have experienced significant generational brain drain as tenured boomer generation employees retire. Heightened competition for talent from the private sector and budgetary constraints have made it increasingly difficult to attract replacements for these retirees. As with other human migration, the social environment is considered to be a key reason for this population shift. In source countries, lack of opportunities, political instability or oppression, economic depression, health risks and more contribute to brain drain, whereas host countries usually offer rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, a developed economy and better living conditions that attract talent. At the individual level, family influences (relatives living overseas, for example), as well as personal preferences, career ambitions and other motivating factors can be considered. *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* India The UNDP estimates that India loses $2 billion a year because of the emigration of computer experts to the U.S. Indian students going abroad for their higher studies cost India a foreign exchange outflow of $10 billion annually. *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* Israel Israel has experienced varying levels of emigration throughout its history, with the majority of Israeli expatriates moving to the United States. Currently, some 330,000 native-born Israelis (including 230,000 Israeli Jews) are estimated to be living abroad, while the number of immigrants to Israel who later left is unclear. According to public opinion polls, the main motives for leaving Israel have not been the political and security situation, but include desire for higher living standards, pursuit of work opportunities and/or professional advancement, and higher education. Since those leaving are on average more educated than those who remain in Israel, the term brain drain has been applied to this emigration. Many Israelis with degrees in scientific or engineering fields have emigrated abroad, largely due to lack of job opportunities. From Israels establishment in May 1948 to December 2006, about 400,000 doctors and academics left Israel. In 2009, Israels Council for Higher Education informed the Knessets Education Committee that 25% of Israels academics were living overseas, and that Israel had the highest brain drain rate in the world. However, an OECD estimate put the highly educated Israeli emigrant rate at 5.3 per 1,000 highly educated Israelis, meaning that Israel actually retains more of its highly educated population than many other developed countries. In addition, the majority of Israelis who emigrate eventually return after extended periods abroad. In 2007, the Israeli government began a programme to encourage Israelis living abroad to return; since then, the number of returning Israelis has doubled, and in 2010, Israeli expatriates, including academics, researchers, technical professionals, and business managers, began returning in record numbers. Israel launched additional programmes to open new opportunities in scientific fields to encourage Israeli scientists and researchers living abroad to return home. These programmes have since succeeded in luring many Israeli scientists back home. *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* Preventive measures Talent plays an important role in helping a country develop. The economy of a country that has a large number of world-class scientists and technicians can be more innovative than those of others that do not. Different areas and nations have distinct policies to retain skilled workers due to the different national or regional situation. For instance, in African countries, the health systems have been severely affected by brain drain, so various measures have been suggested and tried to limit the migration of health workers to rich countries.] In Kuwait, people have argued that the country should cultivate a sense of security and hope among the elite to curb brain drain because people are not so confident of their countrys future.China tries to create a normal and free atmosphere and mechanism that would help talents flourish. And in India, although suffering severe brain drain every year, the Indian government has not adopted strict policies because they believe that the overseas talent will eventually contribute to the nation in the future.Germany established a government-funded initiative called GAIN to assist Germans working abroad to return to their home country. Other countries (Switzerland, Austria, France) have similar initiatives. An opposite situation to brain drain, in which many trained and talented individuals seek entrance into a country, is called a brain gain; this may create a brain drain in the nations that the individuals are leaving. A Canadian symposium in the late 1990s gave circulation to the new term, in response to Canadas luring more skilled professionals to the country than it lost. In 2000, the US Congress announced that it was raising the annual cap on the number of temporary work visas granted to highly skilled professionals under its H1B visa programme, from 115,000 to 195,000 per year, effective through 2003. That suggests a rough figure for the influx of talent into the United States at that time. A significant portion of this programme was initiated by lobbyists from the computer industry, including Bill Gates.[150] In the same year the government of the United Kingdom, in cooperation with the Wolfson Foundation, a research charity, launched a £20 million, five-year research award scheme aimed at bringing about the return of the UKs leading expatriate scientists and sparking the migration of top young researchers to the United Kingdom. *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* The advantages of the brain drain A brain drain is effectively an export of human resources such as “education services”, which has inadvertently “become a money machine for countries such as the US, contributing over $7 billion to the US economy”. However, it is important to note that the knowledge and wealth generated is twofold, both for the country of origin and the host country, which acquires additional human capital to fill labour gaps, thus increasing economic development. The country of origin, exporting their skilled and highly educated workforce, benefit from a brain gain both in terms of the increase in the labour power they possess, and also in the fact that “skilled migrants leaving the country generate increased demand for higher level education amongst the population” Furthermore, the sending back of remittances increases economic development in the country and its standard of living. Circular migration presents a number of benefits associated with brain drain. First, the economy of the origin country may not be able to take advantage of the skilled labourers, so it becomes more beneficial for the workers to migrate and send back remittances. Second, when the migrant workers return home as part of the circular pattern, they may bring with them new skills and knowledge. Remittances are a positive effect of the brain drain because they increase living standards in society; as Faini notes, “skilled migrants typically earn more therefore remit more thus fostering growth”.[154] Nevertheless, this is not a precedent. The remittance economy is a significant part of the brain drain as well an integral source of income for developed economies: “2011 remittances were estimated at $372bn”,[155] and for countries such as Mexico and the Philippines were worth “$24 and $34 billion”respectively. *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* Negative consequences of brain drain While a brain drain is beneficial, its flaws are inherent in its title, since it usually involves the loss of human capital, i.e. a skilled labour force which is vital to the development of society and the country as a whole. In the case of skilled manpower, Alam et al. recognise emigration of these skilled workers as “essentially providing personal benefits for individuals rather than public benefits”. The brain drain benefits individuals more than society; however, “implementing policies to reduce their movement”, according to Skeldon, is in effect to act against the process of development”. This means society is inadvertently caught in a catch 22 scenario, whereby allowing the Brain Drain to continue is likely to result in knowledge being distributed unevenlyacross space, resulting in a fall in economic development for either the country of origin or destination countries. Another consequence of the brain drain is the existence of social marginalisation, which occurs due to several reasons. For example, highly skilled labourers have been villainised by society because they may be perceived as a disruption to existing society. The migrants themselves, who have struggled to adapt to their new surroundings and way of life, may subsequently perceive themselves as living parallel lives. The most pressing issue skilled migrants face in contemporary society, however, is what Tsuda refers to as “double marginalisation”, which is when migrants are kept from integrating into their new surroundings either by society or by existing governments, and upon their return home are shunned by the community they originally migrated from due to their earlier departure. Double marginalisation has become a common feature in contemporary society, which has in some respects reduced the amount of skilled migration occurring. Impact on the health systems of developing countries Despite the existence of significant global efforts trying to improve health and healthcare systems in the developing world, the money invested is insufficient, as health workers from the developing countries leave their home countries and immigrate to the developed world, assuming low-status positions in rich countries. As a result of many local health workers abandoning their countries, countries in the developing world lack sufficient health care workers, which harms the local health system. Health systems in the developing world are receiving financial aid to deal with significant diseases and health issues such as child mortality, AIDS, and malaria. However, the money is ineffective, as there is not sufficient manpower in the form of medical and health professionals to do the work required, which further damages the health system rather than strengthening it. *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* The utility of the brain drain In assessing the usefulness of brain drain, it is important to understand that for some of the world’s developing countries the gains from migration accrue neither from migrant remittances nor do they return home with amplified skills acquired abroad.The gains come instead from the increase in promotion of education of highly skilled labour in developing countries, as well as investment in infrastructure. Nonetheless there does exist a vast remittance economy worldwide worth $510 billion in 2007. *ॐ~Guru Tattwa, Prarbdha, Moddism~ॐ* GURU TATTWA, EINSTEIN, MOTHER TERESAJI, GANDHIJI, POETYCA, PRARBDHA facebook/pages/Kaushal-Bansal/183270601722361 Consciousness of universal Frds. for welfare of Living & Non living (to over come the Global Warming) with Love & Peace within{Self Realized} with non-duality(Advaita),i.e. Only One God ONE FOE ALL & ALL for ONE i.e. *{Holy Human}* GURU TATTWA, EINSTEINJI, NIKOLA TESLA,, GANDHIJI, POETYCAJI, PRARBDHA
Posted on: Sun, 28 Sep 2014 03:20:49 +0000