ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ - TopicsExpress

ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ؟ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ Aeronautical Engineering ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ, ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ. ﻭﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ )ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ( ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ, ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻫﻲ: -1 ﻋﻠﻢ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ Aerodynamics ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻛﻜﻞ, ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ, ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺡ, ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ. ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺃﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ, ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﺟﺔ )viscous flow( ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ, ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﺰﺟﺔ )non-viscous flow). -2 ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ Stability and Control ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ. ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ, ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻧﻲ )Static Stability( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﻴﺎ, ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻲ Dynamic) Stability). -3 ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ Propulsion ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ )ﻣﺮﻭﺣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﺎﺙ( ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ. ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ. -4 ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ Structures ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ, ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻻ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﺯﻧﺎ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ. ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ, ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ )Thin-Walled (Structres ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ )Truss Structres). -5 ﻋﻠﻢ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ Avionics ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺈﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺿﺎﺀﺓ. . . .pilot E

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