38- PRECANCEROUS LESIONS: non-malignant lesions which may undergo malignant change as Chronic lesions as bilharziasis of urinary bladder,lupus vulgaris,3ry syphilis of tongue, Hyperplastic lesions as liver cirrhosis,nodular goiter, Benign tumours as thyroid adenoma orMiscellaneous as gastric peptic ulcer. 39- FACTORS AFFECT PROGNOSIS OF MALIGNANT TUMOURS ? -Age. –Anatomical site. –Grade (histological from 1-4). –Stage. –Immune host response(cellular). –Type of cancer (melanoma is of poor prognosis). -Radiosensitivity ; radiosensitive (lymphoma), radioresistant ( sarcoma) or radioresponsive ( sq. cc). 40- CAUSES OF DEATH IN MALIGNANT TUMOUR? - Anaemia (repeated bleeding). –Malnutrition. –Chronic toxaemia. –Renal failure due to ureteric obstruction. -Liver failure. –Increase intracranial tension. –Cachexia general weakness & wasting induced by toxic effect of necrotic tumour cells, anaemia, malnutrition & bacterial toxins. (release of TNF causing loss of appetite & interfere with fat metabolism. CARCINOGEN: stimulus that changes normal cell into latent cell by causing irreversible damage of the cell DNA. another carcinogen or non-carcinogen cause cell division & tumour formation. INITIATION: change of normal cell into latent cell by a carcinogen. PROMOTION: change of latent cell into frank malignant cell done by carcinogen or co-carcinogen. ONCOVIRUS: virus have the ability to integrate their DNA into the DNA of the host cell as HPV, hepatitis B ONCOGENE: gene which products are associated with neoplastic transformation. PROTO-ONCOGENE: genes that encode proteins promoting normal cell growth & differentiation. CO-CARCINOGENS: Non-specific promoting or helping factors which may transform the latent cell To frank malignant cells. Laboratory diagnosis: biopsy, FNA(thyroid,breast),cytology,tumour markers (CEA,AFP,PAP),flowcytometry And immunohistochemistry (PSA,CEA).
Posted on: Sat, 29 Nov 2014 12:38:44 +0000
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