A map of the Book of Mormon by archaeologist Garth Norman Map Anchors: How can one go about discovering where it was in the Americas that the history recorded in the Book of Mormon took place? One way is a step-by-step anchoring method where one builds stone by stone on a firm foundation. First one lays some solid cornerstones that are key anchor points, fills in more points that are known relative to them, and then all of the final details. It is like putting together a jig-saw puzzle. How does one start? One reliable method is to find the four corner pieces first, then complete the four borders, and then build in from there to complete the puzzle. Limited Extent: Distances in the Book of Mormon are given in terms of days of travel. Moreover, many named cities are mentioned, sometimes with their approximate directional relationship to others. When one looks at the time stated to travel all the way from the southernmost part to the north, it is only a matter of weeks (Mosiah 23:3, 20,25), which implies that the greatest dimension of the entire area is only a few hundred miles. Narrow Neck of Land: The best summary of the overall description of Book of Mormon geography is given by Mormon himself in preparation for describing some detailed wars (Alma 22:27-34). One very distinctive feature he mentions is that there was a Land Northward and a Land Southward separated by a narrow neck of land. Thus, we are looking for two lands separated by an isthmus. There are many such places in the western hemisphere, so we need to look for more clues. Nearly Surrounded by Water: Another huge clue provided by Mormon is that the Land Southward was nearly surrounded by water (Alma 22:32). It had seas to the east, south, west and north (Helaman 3:8). No doubt it was for that reason that some of the first who arrived with Lehis group believed that they were on an island (2 Nephi 10:20). Two Advanced Cultures: The Book of Mormon describes two main groups who migrated from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western at very different times to different places. The first group, called Jaredites, left from the Tower of Babel (about 2000 BC), migrated north, crossed an inland sea (most likely Caspian Sea), continued on (most likely to China), and then crossed the great waters (Pacific) to come inhabit the Land Northward of the Narrow Neck. The other group (consisting of both Lehis and Muleks separate migrations) came from Jerusalem about 600 BC. We are only told that Lehis route was basically to cross Arabia and then the Pacific to land in the Land Southward. During most of the period described in the book of Mormon, both Lehis descendants (the Nephites and Lamanites) and also the Mulekites lived in the Land Southward. For the period of about 400-200 BC they were in three distinct areas of that land, with the Mulekites northernmost, the Nephites in the middle, and the Lamanites in the southern part, where Lehi first landed. Around 300-200 BC the Jaredites had a huge internal civil war in which that civilization was largely destroyed. Around AD 400 the Lamanites destroyed the Mulekites and Nephites who had stayed in that area. Location of Book of Mormon peoples: Here is where the science of archaeology provides a great clue to locate the Narrow Neck because we know we are looking for an isthmus separating two civilizations and we know the time periods in which they existed. Given this information, there is one isthmus which jumps out as being the clear front runner. It is the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico. Just northward of that Narrow Neck lived the Olmecs from about 2000 - 300 BC and south of it lived the Mayans from about 600 BC until the present day. Moreover, the land southward is nearly surrounded by water. That is a perfect match of time and place. This identification was first emphasized by M. Wells Jakeman, first head of the BYU Department of Archaeology from 1946-1960. It has become known as the Limited Tehuantepec Theory. Today, nearly all researchers agree with this identification. Countries which comprise Mesoamerica (which is a term used by archaeologists to identify ancient literate civilizations) include the southern part of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and the northern parts of Honduras, El Salvador and a small part of Nicaragua. This same area is proposed to be the lands of the Book of Mormon peoples. Narrow Wilderness Strip: There must be a strip of wilderness which ran all the way from the East Sea to the West Sea (Alma 22:27), that is, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. At about 100 BC, this strip separated the Nephites and Mulekites on the north from the Lamanites on the south. It was important strategically for the Nephites to close off their south border to keep the Lamanites from overrunning their land. Captain Moroni had seven cities fortified along this strip for that purpose. It is fortunate for us that the strip had strategic military importance to the Nephites because that likely caused this important clue to be included in the record. What was the nature of the wilderness? Does that only refer to uninhabited jungle areas? One clue is that Moroni only had to fortify cities at certain locations on the strip in order to secure it, so it must have been difficult to cross at other places. Before looking for it, let us look at one more clue. River Sidon The only river described in the Book of Mormon is the River Sidon. It was a large enough river to throw thousands of corpses in after a battle and have them easily wash out to the sea. It is important in the history because the great city of Zarahemla, the capital of the Nephite/Mulekite civilization after they merged, was just west of the Sidon. An important geographical clue is that the head waters of the Sidon were located at the Wilderness Strip (Alma 22:29). That tells us two things. First, that the Narrow Strip is mountainous, because mountains are where rivers begin; Secondly, if the strip is oriented east-west, then at least part of the Sidon flows north, away from the mountains. There are not very many places in the western hemisphere where one can find a mountain range that runs all the way from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The major mountain ranges tend to run north to south. This feature is so distinctive that it might have been used as the very first criterion for location. When we look at the proposed location we find not one but two possible mountain ranges that run nearly continuously from ocean to ocean. Large Lands In Mormons description, he provides the names of the large areas on the map. The part of the Land Northward near the Narrow Neck was called Desolation and Bountiful was found just southward of it (Alma 22:30-31). South of that was the land of Zarahemla, which was separated from the Land of Nephi in the far south by the wilderness strip (Alma 22:34). Limhis Expedition There are many puzzling aspects of Book of Mormon geography, but there is one which has been a litmus test in deciding whether or not a proposed map has a chance of being correct. The puzzle is to draw the River Sidon, as well as the location of the city of Zarahemla, on a Book of Mormon internal map in a way to explain the following weird result of the Limhi expedition (see Mosiah 8:7-11, 21:25-26). This account is difficult to explain on any map at all, so finding a solution on a real map would be compelling evidence both for the Book of Mormon being a true record, as well as the river and city being correct. The Puzzle There was a king named Limhi who lived in the southern part of the Land Southward, called the Land of Nephi by the Nephites and the same area once occupied by them. His city was in bondage to the enemy Lamanites, so he sent an expedition to get help from the great city of Zarahemla from which his grandfather had come. It was known to be just west of the River Sidon, and that river was known to have its headwaters not far north of them in the Wilderness Strip. Even though this new generation might never have been there, it hopefully wouldnt be too difficult to find given that information, and the approximate length of time needed. But what happened seems mysterious indeed. The expedition got lost (not too hard in a jungle region), found a land of many waters, and a city that they thought was indeed Zarahemla (Mosiah 21:26). But alas, the city had been destroyed long enough ago that they found only dry bones and rusted swords and armor. They were so strongly convinced that they had found Zarahemla, that they returned to King Limhi with the bad news. Nothing is mentioned about getting lost on the way home, so apparently that was not a problem. The destroyed city they found was in, or beyond, the narrow neck of land, in the part of the Land Northward later called Desolation, which was separated from Bountiful in the Land Southward by the Narrow Neck (Alma 22:30-32). The puzzle is to draw their route and explain just how these trained scouts could have mistaken the destroyed city for Zarahemla. A solution must include 1) what they probably knew about what they were looking for, 2) what their plan had been to find it, 3) where the land of many waters was and why it was included, 4) how the destroyed Jaredite city would have met their criteria, 5) why at no point did they know that it was not Zarahemla, and 6) what their return route was. It is nearly impossible to come up with any good solution using the map. No matter how one draws a false route from Nephi to Desolation in the Land Northward, it could easily have been known that it was not Zarahemla because it was near the ocean and way too far from the land of Nephi. Garth Normans Proposed Solution The first part of the proposed solution is to note that in the ancient world, or even today in any primitive area, the first rule of traveling without a road is to follow a stream or river if possible. The fact that we are told that the Sidon had its headwaters near the Wilderness Strip is tantamount to saying that their instructions were something like, Find a headwater tributary of the Sidon and simply follow it for about x (some number given) days until you come to a huge city on its west side. You cant miss it. If that were the case then about the only explanation of their confusion is that they followed the wrong river, which also had headwaters in that same area, unknown to the grandfathers giving instructions, who had come the other way. Turning to the map of Mesoamerica we find two rivers, both of which are good candidates for the River Sidon, and they both have their headwaters nearly intermingled in a pass that traverses both of the candidates for the Narrow Strip of Wilderness. Today they are called the Grijalva and Usumacinta Rivers. Where in the western hemisphere are there two large rivers which begin near each other in a coast-to-coast east-west mountain range, flow in similar directions through similar highland and lowland areas, and hence could easily be mistaken for each other? Much is implied in a careful reading of any account, but it is tough to believe that an unschooled youth could come up with such an implied puzzle which has an ideal solution on a real map, only to be discovered a century afterward. If there had only been one candidate for the River Sidon, Book of Mormon archaeology would probably have progressed much further by now. Because there are supporters for each of these rivers, the efforts have been divided, and hence we are unsure of just where Zarahemla was located. With all our modern technology, we have been almost as confused as Limhis expedition. M. Wells Jakeman favored the Usumacinta River, whereas John L. Sorenson, head of the BYU Dept. of Anthropology from 1978-1986, favored the Grijalva because the archaeology is better there. He has proposed that the ruins at Santa Rosa were Zarahemla. Garth Norman, however, has maintained all along that the Usumacinta is indeed the correct solution. The one thing on which most researchers agree, however, is the location of the Land of Desolation, and the area of several destroyed Olmec cities which might have been confused with Zarahemla. The principal candidates seem to be La Venta, San Lorenzo, and Tres Zapotes. First, lets take a look at the Grijalva as Sidon. If Zarahemla is located at Santa Rosa on the Grijalva, then the search party would have been expecting a journey of about a week or two. They took some tributary of the Usumacinta by mistake and ended up in the lowland land of many waters near its outlet to the sea, after some 3-4 weeks. Then, after encountering the sea and no Zarahemla, they went westward for a week until encountering the Jaredite ruins. On the way home, they could not have come along the Grijalva, or they would have found the real Zarahemla, so perhaps they came south across the isthmus and followed the coastline back to where they could recognize the rest of the way home. Or they could have retraced their path all the way back. Many researchers have accepted this scenario, but to me it has serious problems for the scouts not to have known that the city was not Zarahemla. First, the trip home, even if they had gone directly with no wandering would have been more than twice as far as they would have expected. Second, if Zarahemla was near Santa Rosa, why would they have thought that a city near the ocean could have been Zarahemla? That whole lowland area by the sea is a land of many waters from the mouths of the Usumacinta all the way over past Tres Zapotes. Third, if Zarahemla were so close to Nephi, it is hard to believe that it was there for at least two centuries without being discovered by the Nephites and Lamanites. In the other possibility, the Sidon was the Usumacinta, and the city of Zarahemla was in the lowlands, in a the land of many waters. That is Normans proposal, but he only has the general area of Zarahemla predicted location). The archaeology remains to be done in that area to discover the exact location, but this is science at its best, when it predicts where something will be found. Again the arrows show the proposed path of the trip from Nephi to Desolation. The party took the wrong tributary and followed the Grijalva river until it cane to an impassible gorge. Then it went northwestward looking for the river, suggesting that they knew that the Sidon flowed in a northwestward direction. Instead, they found the river leading to San Lorenzo, which was at that time a destroyed Olmec (Jaredite) city. It would have been found in exactly the same kind of lowlands and in a land of many waters as they knew Zarahemla was located, and at about the expected distance from Nephi, and on the west side of the river. They would not have even needed to continue on to the sea. Those ruins are in the Narrow Neck, and yet they would not have even needed to know that there was an isthmus there. Norman describes his take on the scenario: They started at the highland valley of Huehuetenango (Cumeni, 34) where the headwaters of the Usumacinta/Sidon and the Grijalva meet. They took the wrong river, traveled north down the Grijalva instead of east on the Usumacinta tributary. When they reached the impassable Sumidaro gorge (later David crossing, 35), they continued northwest thru the Chiapas depression, dropped into the lowlands of Tabasco/Bountiful to get back on the Grijalva, but ended up on the Rio Coatzacoalcos which they mistook for the Sidon. There they found the Olmec/Jaredite ruins westward from San Lorenzo thru the southern Veracruz/Cumorah zone that appeared to them to be Zarahemla. The coastal tropical lowlands in Veracruz matches the coastal lowlands of Zarahemla in the Usumacinta Palenque district. There could not have been a better set of circumstances to make the fatal mistake, and there could hardly be a stronger geographic historic witness for the authenticity of Mormons record in Mesoamerica.[6] Conclusion When one tries to fit the history given in the Book of Mormon to a map of the western hemisphere, one finds an excellent match geographically, archaeologically, culturally, and linguistically to the area of southern Mexico and Guatemala as being the setting for most of the record. Most modern scholars have agreed on the general area, with the main difference of opinion being the choice of which river best matches the description of the River Sidon. The current favorite tends to be the Grijalva River, but Garth Norman, Richard Hauck, Kirk Magleby,Brant Gardner and others have made a strong logical argument in favor of the Usumacinta. It best explains how the Limhi expedition could mistake a destroyed Jaredite city for Zarahemla. But the final verdict must await archaeological evidence before one can be certain. to read the complete article and how to order the map go to: bmaf.org/articles/garth_norman_map__pratt#overlay=node/105/edit
Posted on: Sat, 05 Jul 2014 04:37:17 +0000
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