Anishinaabe clan system From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Anishinaabe, like most Algonquian-speaking groups in North America, base their system of kinship on patrilineal clans or totems. The Anishinaabe word for clan (doodem) was borrowed into English as totem. The clans, based mainly on animals, were instrumental in traditional occupations, inter-tribal relations, and marriages. Today, the clan remains an important part of Anishinaabe identity.The Anishinaabe peoples were divided into a number of odoodeman (clans; singular: odoodem) named mainly for animal totems (or doodem, as an Ojibwe person would say this word in English). According to oral tradition, when the Anishinaabe were living along the Atlantic Ocean coast and the great Miigis beings appeared out the sea and taught the Mide way of life to the Waabanakiing peoples, six of the seven great Miigis beings that remained to teach established the odoodeman for the peoples in the east. The five original Anishinaabe totems were Wawaazisii (bullhead), Baswenaazhi (echo-maker, i.e., crane), Aanaawenh (pintail duck), Nooke (tender, i.e., bear) and Moozwaanowe (little moose-tail). Traditionally, each band had a self-regulating council consisting of leaders of the communities clans or odoodeman, with the band often identified by the principle doodem. In meeting others, the traditional greeting among the Ojibwe peoples is What is your doodem? (Aaniin odoodemaayan?) in order to establish a social conduct between the two meeting parties as family, friends or enemies.Etymology[edit] The word odoodem is a dependent noun with the root /-ode/, meaning a consanguine kin, with the possessive suffix /-m/. When speaking on ones own doodem, the Anishinaabe would say nindoodem(-ag) (my clan(s)), gidoodem(-ag) (your clan(s)) for addressees and odoodem(-an) (his/her clan(s)) for others. Clan totems[edit] There were at least twenty-one Ojibwe totems in all, recorded by William Whipple Warren. Other recorders, such as John Tanner, list many fewer but with different doodem types. For the Potawatomi, at least 15 different totems were recorded. The Clan types today are quite extensive, but usually only a handful of odoodeman are found in each of the Anishinaabe communities. Like any other Algonquian groups, the Anishinaabe clan system served as a system of government as well as a means of dividing labour. The five groups or phratries are listed below, listing each of the doodem clans or gentes within their group. The known Algonquin clans are marked with (Al), Mississauga clans with (Ms), Nipissing clans with (Ns), Ojibwa clans with (Oj), Odawa clans with (Od) and Potawatomi clans with (Po). Bimaawidaasi group[edit] The Bimaawidaasi group was charged with scouting, hunting and gathering. Moozwaanowe (Little Moose-tail) (Oj) Moozens or Moozoons or Moozonii (Little Moose) Mooz (Moose) (Od) Adik (Caribou) (Al, Ms, Oj, Od) The Adik totem is common among the Ojibwa and Oji-Cree north of Lake Superior. A prominent family from this doodem from the Grand Portage area relocated to La Pointe and produced the chiefs Mamongazeda and Waubojeeg. Later members of this branch became leaders at Sault Ste. Marie. Waawaashkeshi (Deer) (Al, Ms) Mishewe (Elk) (Oj, Po) Omashkooz (Stag) Eshkan (Antler) Waabizheshi (Marten) (Oj) This pictographic 1849 petition shows an Ojibwa chief represented by the Marten doodem. Amik(waa) (Beaver) (Ms, Ns, Oj, Od, Po) Wazhashk (Muskrat) (Oj) Gaag (Porcupine) Esiban (Raccoon) Waabooz(oo) (Rabbit) (Oj, Po) Zhaangweshi (Mink) Waagoshiinh (Fox) (Po) Zhigaag (Skunk) (Ms) Bizhiki (Buffalo) (Ms) Asanagoo Squirrel (Ns, Od) Giishkizhigwan group[edit] The Giishkizhigwan group was charged with teaching and healing. Giigoonh or Namens (Fish) Wawaazisii or Owaazisii (Bullhead) (Oj, Od) Maanameg (Catfish) (Ms, Oj, Od) Adikameg (Whitefish) (Od) Namebin(aa) (Sucker) (Oj, Od, Po) Name or Maame (Sturgeon) (Oj, Po) Ginoozhe (Pike) (Ms, Oj, Od) Mikinaak (Snapping turtle) (Oj) Mishiikenh (Mud turtle) (Oj, Po) Miskwaadesi (Painted turtle) (Oj) Ginebig (Snake) (Ms, Oj) Omazaandamo (Black snake) (Od) Midewewe or Ozhiishiigwe (Rattle snake),[1] or Zhiishiigwaan (Rattle) (Al, Od) Omakakii (Frog) (Po) Nigig (Otter) (Ms, Od) Nibiinaabe (Merman) Ashaageshiinh (Crab) (Po) Nooke group[edit] The Nooke group was responsible for defense and healing. Though today the Bear Clan has all merged into a single clan known as Nooke, at one time the Bear was the largest — so large, in fact, that it was sub-divided into body parts such as the head (Makoshtigwaan or bear-skull), the ribs and the feet (Nookezid or tender-foot), as well as different types of bears such as the Waabishki-makwa or white black bear and the Mishimakwa or grizzly bear. Makwa (Bear) (Ms, Oj, Od, Po) Makoshtigwaan (Bear-skull)(Oj) Nookezid (Tender-foot)(Oj) Makokon (Bears Liver) (Ms) Miskwaaaa (Blood) (Ns) Waabishki-makwa (White black bear)(Oj) Mishimakwa (Grizzly bear)(Oj) Bizhiw (Lynx) (Od) Ma’iingan (Oj) or Mawii’aa (Po) (Wolf) Baswenaazhi group[edit] The Baswenaazhi group were traditionally charged with outgoing International communications. Because of this, often members of the Baswenaazhi group are said to be the most vocal. Binesi (Thunderbird) Ajijaak(we) (Crane or Thunder) (Ms, Oj, Od, Po) Nesawaakwaad (Forked tree) (Od) Ashagi (Heron) (Ns) Gekek (Hawk) (Oj, Od) Omigizi(we) (Bald eagle) (Ms, Oj, Od, Po) Mitigomizh (White oak) (Ms) Wiigwaas (Birch bark) (Ms, Ns) Giniw (Golden eagle) (Po) Bibiigiwizens (Sparrowhawk)(Od) Makade-gekek(we) (Black hawk) (Po) Bemaangik group[edit] The Bemaangik are charged with Internal/Domestic communications. They were often charged with the communitys own council fires and help facilitate dialogue on all internal/domestic issues. Bineshiinh (Bird) Aanaawenh, Aaaawenh or Aaaawe (Pintail) (Oj) Owewe (Wild goose or Swan) Bine (Partridge or turkey) or Aagask (grouse) (Oj, Po) Nika (Goose) (Ms, Oj) Maang (Loon) (Al, Oj, Od, Po) (Makade)Zhiishiib ((Black) duck) (Oj) Gayaashk (Gull) (Oj, Od) Jiwiiskwiiskiwe (Snipe) (Oj) Omooshkaoozi (Bittern) (Oj) Zhedeg (Pelicans) Ogiishkimanisii (Kingfisher) (Al, Oj) Aandeg (Crow) (Po) Gaagaagishiinh (Raven) Omiimii (Pigeon) (Ms) Apishi-gaagaagi (Magpie) (Ms) Metaphors[edit] On occasion, instead of referring to the totem by the actual beings name, a clan is identified instead by a metaphor describing the characteristic of the clans totem. The metaphors that survive to today include: Bimaawidaasi Carrier = Amik(we) Beaver Giishkizhigwan Cut-tail = Maanameg Catfish Nooke Tender = Makwa Bear Baswenaazhi Echo-maker = Ajijaak(we) Crane Bemaangik Pass-by Sounder = Owewe Wild goose Social order[edit] Some national sub-divisions were simply referred by their major Clan component. An example of this would be Maandawe-doodem (Fisher-clan) of the Meshkwahkihaki peoples, who live along the south shore of Lake Superior. More inland than the Maandawe-doodem were the Waagosh-doodem (Fox clan) of the Meshkwahkihaki, who are called the Fox Tribe in English. When the Maandawe were defeated in a major battle between the Ojibwe and the Meshkwahkihaki peoples, the surviving Maandawe were adopted as part of the Ojibwa nation, but instead as the Waabizheshi-doodem (Marten clan). Among some Ojibwe people, (though not all) the Waabizheshi clan is also used to denote a form of adoption, i.e., a non-native father and Ojibwe mother. In other instances, for example, odoodem communities such as the Amikwaa were treated as fully interdependent Nations of the Anishinaabeg Confederacy, or given a designation to represent their primary function in the social order, such as with the Manoominikeshiinyag (Ricing-rails) or the Waawaashkeshi-ininiwag (Deer[-clan] Men). Some doodem indicate non-Ojibwe origins. Other than Waabizheshi, these include the Maiingan-doodem (Wolf Clan) for Dakota and Migizi-doodem (Eagle Clan) for Americans. There are other odoodem considered rare today among the Ojibwa because the odoodem have migrated into other tribes, such as the Nibiinaabe-doodem (Merman Clan), which shows up as the Water-spirits Clan of the Winnebagoes. Kinship[edit] Ojibwa understanding of kinship is complex, taking into account of not only the immediate family but also the extended family. It is considered a modified Bifurcate merging (Iroquois) kinship system. Consequently, Ojibwa would speak of not only about grandfather (nimishoomis) and grandmother (nookomis), father (noos) and mother (ningashi), and son (ningozis) and daughter (nindaanis), but also would speak of elder brother (nisayenh), younger sibling (nishiimenh), cross-uncle (nizhishenh), parallel-aunt (ninooshenh), male sibling of same gender (niikaanis), female sibling of same gender (niidigikoonh) and sibling of opposite gender (nindawemaa), and cross-cousin of the opposite gender (niinimoshenh), to name only a few. Siblings generally share the same term with parallel-cousins as with any Bifurcate merging kinship system due to being a member the same doodem, but the modified system allows for younger sibling to share the same kinship term with younger cross-cousins (nishiimenh). In addition the complexity wanes as one goes away from the speakers immediate generation, with some degree of complexity retained with female relatives (for example, ninooshenh is my mothers sister or my fathers sister-in-law—i.e., my parallel-aunt—but also my parents female cross-cousin). In both with the great-grandparents and older generations and with the great-grandchildren and younger generations, the Ojibwa collectively calls them aanikoobijigan. This sign of kinship/clans speaks of the very nature of the Anishinaabes entire philosophy/lifestyle, that is of interconnectedness and balance between all living generations and all generations of the past and of the future. In addition to the Anishinaabeg doodem, clans of other tribes are considered related to the Anishinaabe clans if they have the same designation. Consequently, for example, a union between an Anishinaabe Bear Clan member with a Cherokee Bear Clan member would be considered illegal — even incestuous — by many traditional community groups.
Posted on: Wed, 07 Jan 2015 22:01:38 +0000
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