. BLACK MEN ALWAYS BEEN THE LORDS OF TURBAN IN THE MIDDLE EAST. THE BIGGEST MISTAKE OF BLACK MEN WAS TRUSTING IN POLITICS OF WHITE MEN. TODAY PAID A DEAR PRICE, WITH ITS ABSENCE IN POWER THE WORLD Sometimes gradually and sometimes by leaps and bounds, control of Zanzibar came into the hands of the British Empire; part of the political impetus for this was the 19th century movement for the abolition of the slave trade. The relationship between Britain and the nearest relevant colonial power, Germany, was formalized by the Treaty of Heligoland-Zanzibar 1890, in which Germany pledged not to interfere with British interests in insular Zanzibar. That year, Zanzibar became a protectorate (not a colony) of Britain. From 1890 to 1913, traditional viziers were appointed to govern as puppets, switching to a system (effectively governors) from 1913 to 1963 British residents. Hamoud bin Mohammed Al-Said became sultan with the support of the British consul, Sir Basil Cave, after the death of bin Hamad Thuwaini. Before he could enter the palace, another potential competitor for the throne, Khalid bin Barghash, seized the palace and declared himself sultan. The British responded the next day, August 26, 1896, by issuing an ultimatum to Khalid and his entourage to evacuate the palace by 09:00 on 27 August. When he refused, British warships fired on the palace and other strategic locations in the city, destroying them and causing Khalid and his crew to flee. According to the Guinness Book of World Records the resulting Anglo-Zanzibar War was the shortest war in history, and the same day Hamoud was able to assume the title of sultan, more indebted to the British than ever. Later Hamoud complied with British demands that slavery be banned in Zanzibar and that all slaves were freed. For this he was knighted by Queen Victoria and her son and heir, Ali bin Hamud, was taken to England to be educated. From 1913 until independence in 1963, British appointed their own residents (essentially governors). On December 10, 1963, Zanzibar received its independence from the United Kingdom as a constitutional monarchy under the sultan. This state of affairs was short-lived, as the Sultan and the democratically elected government was overthrown on January 12, 1964 in Zanzibar Revolution led by John Okello, a citizen of Uganda. Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume was named President of the newly established Peoples Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. Several thousand Arabs (from 5.000 to 12.000 Zanzibaris of Arab descent) and Indians were killed, thousands more detained or expelled, their property confiscated or destroyed. The film Africa Addio documents the revolution, including a massacre of Arabs. (Ethnic difference, and the expulsion of those who had nowhere else to go, were repeated themes in East Africa, the most prominent example is the expulsion of Indians in Uganda in 1972 by Idi Amin.) The revolutionary government nationalized the local operations of two foreign banks in Zanzibar, Standard Bank and National and Grindlays Bank. These nationalized operations may have provided the basis for the newly established Peoples Bank of Zanzibar. Jetha Lila, a locally owned bank in Zanzibar, or for that matter throughout East Africa, closed. She was arrested by the Indians, and although the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar urged it to continue in operation, the loss of its customer base, as the Indians left the island made it impossible to continue. On April 26, 1964, the mainland colony of Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; This lengthy name was compressed into a portmanteau, the United Republic of Tanzania on October 29, 1964. Upon unification, local affairs were controlled by President Abeid Amani Karume, while foreign affairs were handled by the United Republic in Dar es Salaam. Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania
Posted on: Wed, 09 Jul 2014 20:07:28 +0000
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